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PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION, 1867. 
REPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS. 



INTRODUCTION, 



SELECTIONS FROM THE CORRESPONDENCE 



OF 



COMMISSIONER GENERAL BECKWITH AND OTHERS, 



SHOWING THE 



ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION 



OF THE 



UNITED STATES SECTION 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 
1870. 



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V 



INTRODUCTION TO THE REPORTS OF UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS. 



Among the most instructive developments of modern civilization 
are those international exhibitions which, commencing in London in 
1851, under the inspiration and auspices of the late sagacious and public- 
spirited Prince Albert, have been succeeded by more and more extended 
and comprehensive ones, closing in the Universal Exposition held at 
Paris during the summer of 1867. The projectors of this great interna- 
tional reunion, after mature study of preceding exhibitions, evolved a 
programme which embraced in its scope the productions and results of 
every industry, art, and science, as well as their processes and methods 
of operation. This was done not merely for purposes of competition 
and the distribution of prizes, but also, and more especially, with the 
object of passing in review, under the scrutiny of the most accomplished 
experts and men of science, all of the fruits of the skill, industry, and 
inventive and artistic genius of every nation, in such a manner that the 
exact condition and the comparative merits or defects of the industrial 
development of each nation and of each description of article or process 
could be set forth ; the progress which such examination indicated, 
measured, and explained ; and the highest standards of excellence be 
placed within the reach of all by means of carefully prepared reports. 

From the commencement of the industrial epoch which dates from 
the London Exhibition of 1851 the profound significance and value of 
such exhibitions have been realized by the people and governments of 
the civilized nations. Their beneficent influences are many and wide- 
spread ; they advance human knowledge in all directions. Through the 
universal language of the products of labor the artisans of all countries 
hold communication ; ancient prejudices are broken down ; nations are 
fraternized; generous rivalries in the peaceful fields of industry are 
excited ; the tendencies to war are lessened ; and a better understanding 
between labor and capital is fostered. It is gratifying to note that these 
great exhibitions are planned and executed in the interests of the mass 
of the people. In this last instance those industries, products, and 
organizations designed to promote the material and moral well-being of 
the people were made prominent, and the underlying animating spirit 
and impulse of the whole plan were for the advancement, prosperity, and 
happiness of the people of all nations. One of their most salutary 
results is the promotion of an appreciation of the true dignity of labor, 
and its paramount claims to consideration as the basis of national wealth 
and power. 

Such exhibitions have become national necessities and duties, and as 



4 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

such it may be expected that they will be repeated again and again 
hereafter. 

The programme laid down by the French Imperial Commission under 
the presidency of Prince Napoleon, charged with the preparation and 
management of the Exposition, made it an absolute condition for the 
admission of exhibitors from any country that the government of such 
country should first accept the invitation and assume the responsibility 
of forming the exhibition of its section ; and in that event, suggested 
the appointment of some competent person to be intrusted with the 
general supervision of the business on its behalf, and to communicate 
with the Imperial Commission. 

On the 27th of March, 1865, the government of France, through M. 
de Geofroy, their charge d'affaires residing at this capital, invited this 
government to participate, upon the terms above indicated, in the Expo- 
sition. The considerations which have been hereinbefore mentioned, and 
their special application to this country at a period when it was con- 
cluding its repression of a formidable rebellion, made it peculiarly 
desirable that the United States should not hold aloof from such an 
assemblage. 

Mr. Bigelow, then minister at Paris, was accordingly, on the 5th of 
April, 1865, instructed to inform the minister for foreign affairs of 
France that President Lincoln regarded the proposed Exposition with 
great favor, as well because of the beneficent influence it might be ex- 
pected to exert upon the prosperity of the nations, as of its tendency to 
j)reserve peace and mutual friendship among them j that what the execu- 
tive government could do, by way of concurrence in the movement, would 
very cheerfully be done, but that that was as far as the President was 
able to proceed without special legislative authority, for which appli- 
cation would be made to Congress when it should next meet. Mr. Big- 
elow was at the same time requested to act temporarily as a special agent 
for this government in the premises. 

Mr. Bigelow, by a letter of the 17th of April, 1865, recommended the 
appointment, as Commissioner General of the United States, of ST. M. 
Beckwith, esq., a citizen of the United States, then residing in Paris, of 
whose eminent qualifications for the post the Department had most sat- 
isfactory proofs. 

Accepting the onerous duties of that office, without compensation, 
Mr. Beckwith entered upon them with an activity, zeal, intelligence, 
and executive ability to which, with the assistance of other commission- 
ers, is mainly due the measure of success that, notwithstanding unlooked- 
for and frequent impediments, was attained by the United States Section 
in the competition for awards and in the instruction and general benefits 
derived by the nation from the Exposition. 

Under these circumstances I perform a pleasing duty in placing on 
record the grateful acknowledgments of this Department, and I venture 
to express a hope that Congress will signify in some public manner its 



INTRODUCTION. 

sense of services of a most responsible and arduous character, rendered 
not only without compensation, but involving many expenses incidental 
to the position which would not otherwise have been imposed upon 
Mr. Beckwith. 

For an exposition of the nature of these duties and the manner in 
which they were discharged, and for many terse philosophical commen- 
taries incident to them, I refer with pleasure to the appended extracts 
from the official correspondence of the Commissioner General with the 
Department. 

On the 9th of October, I860, a general agency was organized at Is T ew 
York under the direction of J. 0. Derby, esq., who, taking counsel of 
competent committees specially qualified to advise him in the selection 
of products belonging to each group and class, adopted prompt measures 
to make known to producers the inducements which existed for taking 
part in the Exposition. Circulars and pamphlets giving full details of 
the plan and organization were prepared by the Department and circu- 
lated through every available channel in every State and Territory. 

Special acknowledgments are due to Mr. Derby and to Mr. William 
C. Gunnell, chief civil engineer and architect, Mr. A. P. Mulat, engineer 
and architect, and to the other gentlemen connected, from time to time, 
with the New York agency, for their co-operation with Mr. Derby in his 
efforts to bring out a representative exhibition in the United States 
Section which would fitly indicate the condition and resources of the 
country. These efforts, considered with reference to the spirit of the 
debates in Congress, and to the delay caused by hesitation to make the 
necessary appropriations, may be regarded as remarkably successful ; 
and although the United States Section did not contain such a collec- 
tion of products as would constitute anything like a proper or just basis 
for estimating the industrial or natural resources of the United States, 
the summary of prizes cannot but be regarded as highly gratifying to the 
country. 

To the advisory committee, and to the Chamber of Commerce of New 
York, for the effective measures adopted by that influential and public- 
spirited organization to promote the success of the movement in the 
United States, the department and the country are much indebted. 
Messrs. Samuel B. Euggles, Elliot C. Cowdin, and Professor Charles A. 
Joy presented the subject for consideration and labored with commend- 
able and efficient zeal in awakening a proper appreciation of it in the 
public mind throughout the country. 

The light thrown upon the subject by the very able speech of the 
Hon. N. P. Banks in the House of Representatives did much to promote 
the enthusiasm of the people and a greater appreciation of the import- 
ance of the Exposition. 

The general charge of the preliminary correspondence with the New 
York agency, and with the co-operative committees, was early confided 
to Mr. Henry D. J. Pratt, to whose desk in the diplomatic branch of the 



6 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

Department the subject pertains. The efficient manner in which this 
duty has been performed invites special acknowledgment. 

Commissioners Bowen and Beynolds, of Illinois, and State Commis- 
sioner Gotthiel, of Louisiana, made special efforts and obtained valuable 
contributions from their respective sections of the conntry. 

In California, and upon the Pacific coast, through the exertions of the 
citizens of San Francisco, the Chamber of Commerce, the State Com- 
missioner, I. N.Hoag, secretary of the State Agricultural Society, and a 
committee of the citizens of Nevada, a very satisfactory representation 
of the products of that portion of the country was added to the Exposi- 
tion, and contributed largely to the value of our national representation. 

In order to present a comprehensive and connected view of the pro- 
gress of the executive administration of the Exposition intrusted by the 
Department to the Commissioner General, as well as to show the diffi- 
culties and the nature and details of the labor required for the proper 
conduct of a participation of the country in such great international 
displays, I present extended selections from the official correspondence 
of the Commissioner General and others, which, while giving a historical 
epitome of the relation sustained by the United States to the whole 
Exposition, will serve as a general introduction to the valuable series of 
special reports by the United States Commissioners and scientific experts. 
These reports constitute a valuable portion of the fruits of the partic- 
ipation in the Exposition by the United States, and present to the people 
of this country much useful and instructive information concerning the 
practical arts, and constitute a novel and profitable class of public doc- 
uments, the tendency of which will be to expand and improve manufac- 
tures and arts, and increase the application of scientific principles and 
discoveries, which, so far as they cheapen the transformation of raw 
materials to articles for the use of man, or improve their quality, increase 
the wealth of the nation and lighten the burdens of taxation. 

The editorial care and direction of the publication of these reports 
have been intrusted to Professor William P. Blake, of California, who 
attended the Exposition as Commissioner from that State, and was one 
of the scientific experts selected by the Commission. I feel very sure 
that Congress, and the general public, will sustain me in the opinion 
that this important responsibility has been discreetly and faithfully 
discharged. 

WILLIAM H. SEWAKD. 

March 3, 1869. 



CONTENTS. 



i. 

ORGANIZATION AND FORMATION OF THE EXPOSITION. 

Preliminary correspondence — The invitation to the United States — Suggestions for the 
organization — Appointment of an agent in New York — Importance of the Exposition 
to the United States — Notices to persons intending to exhibit — Selection of products 
and the allotment of space — Letters from the Commissioner General to the agent in 
New York — Grouping and classification adopted by the Imperial Commission — Trans- 
mission of plans of the United States Section — The advisory committee in New York — 
Resolutions adopted by the Chamber of Commerce of New York — Efforts to obtain 
extension of time — Transfer to Paris of the labor of apportionment of space — Motive 
power — Proposed exhibition of costumes and of aboriginal races — Exhibition of heavy 
cannon and munitions of war — Society of International Travel — Completion and 
opening of the Exposition — The opening on the first of April— Condition of the United 
States Section at the opening. — pp. 9-75. 

II. 

THE PROGRESS AND CLOSE OF THE EXPOSITION. 

Scientific Commission ; the importance of obtaining the assistance of professional and 
scientific persons to study and report upon the Exposition — Reports upon the prog- 
ress of letters and science in France — The organization and duties of a scientific 
commission — Commission upon weights, measures, and coins — International Exhibi- 
tion of measures, weights, and coins — Preparation of the catalogue of the United 
States Section and publication of statistics — Field trials of agricultural machines at 
Billancourt — International jury and its organization — New order of awards — Ap- 
portionment of jurors to the United States — Work of class juries — The distribution 
of prizes — Honorary distinctions — Exhibition of medals and diplomas — Prizes for 
reaping and mowing machines — Condition of the industrial arts indicated by the 
awards — Commission of the United States — Regulations issued by the Secretary of 
State — Meetings and proceedings of the Commission — Close of the Exposition and 
delivery of products — Cereals collected by exchange — Minerals donated to various 
institutions and letters received in reply. — pp. 77-139. 

III. 

THE ACTION OF CONGRESS— ESTIMATES, APPROPRIATIONS, AND EXPENDI- 
TURES. 

Joint resolutions passed by Congress — Estimates by the Commissioner General of the 
cost of the Exposition — Estimates in detail for transportation, unpacking, installa- 
tion, guarding, linguists, foundations, and fixtures for machinery, decorations, cases, 
storage, legal expenses, &c. — Estimate of expenses of Scientific Commission — 
Discussion of the amendment proposing to strike out the provisions for the payment 
of a part of the appropriations in coin — Report of the advisory committee upon the 
necessity of further appropriations — Expenditures, report from the Commissioner 
General— Report from the agent in New York. — pp. 141-158. 



8 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

IY. 

THE PUBLICATION OF THE REPORTS, 

Statement of the authority under which the reports have been printed — Publication in 
a separate form and reasons therefor — Grouping of the reports in volumes — List of 
the reports by title, arranged according to subjects — Alphabetical list of the authors 
of reports. — pp. 159-163. 

Y. 

CLASSIFICATION OF THE OBJECTS EXHIBITED AND GENERAL INDEX. 

The classification of objects adopted by the Imperial Commission — Its comprehensive 
and exact character — Its value as an index to the Exposition and to human industry 
in general — Enumeration of objects in each group and class and references to the 
reports. — pp. 165-181. 



List of United States Commissioners. 



ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE 
UNITED STATES SECTION. 



ORGANIZATION AND FORMATION OF THE EXPO- 
SITION. 

Preliminary correspondence — The invitation to the United States— Sugges- 
tions FOR THE ORGANIZATION — APPOLNTMENT OF AN AGENT IN NEW YORK — IMPORT- 
ANCE of the Exposition to the United States — Notices to persons intending 
to exhibit— Selection of products and the allotment of space— Letters 
from the Commissioner General to the agent ln New York — Grouping and 
classification adopted by the imperial commission — transmission of plans 
of the United States Section — The advisory committee ln New York — Reso- 
lutions ADOPTED BY THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF NEW YORK — EFFORTS TO 

, obtain extension of time— transfer to paris of the labor of apportionment 
of space — Motive power — Proposed exhibition of costumes and of aboriglnal 
races — Exhibition of heavy cannon and munitions of war — Society of Inter- 
national Travel — Completion and openlng of the Exposition — The opening on 
the first of aprll — condition of the united states section at the opening. 

In order to give a history of the participation of the United States in 
the Exposition at Paris in 1867 selections are presented from the official 
correspondence of the Commissioner General and others, particularly 
such dispatches and inclosures as show the organization and progress 
of the exhibition made by this country. Some of the earlier corre- 
spondence was in part transmitted to Congress by the President, Decem- 
ber 11, 1867, and was published in a series of pamphlets for general 
distribution. 1 A portion of this earlier correspondence is here reproduced 

1 The early publications setting forth the progress made from time to time in prepar- 
ing the Exposition appeared at intervals until the time of opening in 1867. These 
publications, in the order of their issue, were entitled as follows : 

1. Message from the President of the United States, December 11, 1865, transmitting 
a report from the Secretary of State concerning the Universal Exposition to be held at 
Paris in the year 1867. 8vo, pp. 58. 

2. Supplemental circular relative to the Paris Universal Exposition of 1867 : Pro- 
ceedings of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York. Washington, Gov- 
ernment Printing Office, 1866. 8vo, pp. 14. 

3. Speech of Hon. N. P. Banks, of Massachusetts, upon the representation of the 
United States at the Exposition of the world's industry, Paris, 1867. Washington, 
D. C, Mansfield & Martin, publishers, 1866. 8vo, pp. 24. 

4. Second supplemental pamphlet, Paris Universal Exposition of 1867 : Details of 
organization. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1866. 8vo, pp. 64. 

5. Third supplemental circular respecting the Paris Exposition of 1867 : Importance 



10 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

in connection with the later letters, in order to give a connected view of 
the organization, progress, and general administration of the United 
States Section of the Exposition. 

In a message from the President transmitting to the Senate and House 
of Eepresentatives a report from the Secretary of State concerning the 
Universal Exposition to be held at Paris in the year 1867, the sub- 
ject was commended to the early and favorable consideration of Congress. 
The letter of the Secretary of State, dated December 11, 1865, was as 
follows : 

" The Secretary of State has the honor to submit a copy of corre- 
spondence between the Department of State and the minister of France 
upon the subject of an invitation extended by the government of France 
to that of the United State's, to take part in a proposed Universal 
Exposition to be held at Paris in the year 1867 ; also a copy of corre- 
spondence between the department and the minister of the United States 
at Paris, and other papers, explaining the nature and magnitude of the 
Exposition, the general utility of such exhibitions, and the measures 
which it has been found expedient to adopt, subject to the approval of 
Congress, in order to secure for the United States the advantages of 
participation by their citizens in the Exposition. 

" It being necessary that the Imperial Commission at Paris should, to 
enable them to carry out their programme of arrangements so far as 
it relates to the United States, be notified, without delay, of the decision 
of this government, it becomes important for Congress, at the earliest 
practicable moment, to adopt such proceedings as in their judgment may 
be best calculated to meet the requirements of the occasion. 

" Special attention is invited to the copy of a letter of the 16th ultimo 
from ]ST. M. Beckwith, esquire, the Provisional Commissioner General 
of the United States at Paris, which is appended to one of the same 
date from Mr. Bigelow, and which clearly explains the importance of 
prompt action. 

"From the correspondence it will appear that the selection of the 
officers hereinafter named, subject to the approval of Congress, was an 
indispensable preliminary for any participation by the United States in 
the Exposition, namely : John Bigelow, esquire, (the minister of the 
United States at Paris,) special agent of the United States for the Expo- 
sition, (without extra compensation for that service j) N. M. Beckwith, 
esquire, Commissioner General of the United States, (without compen- 
sation f) Monsieur J. F. Loubat, Honorary Commissioner of the United 

of prompt action, &c. J. C. Derby, general agent for the United States. Wash- 
ington, Government Printing Office, 1866. 8vo, pp. 71. 

6. Senate Ex. Doc. No. 5, 39th Congress, 2d session : Message of the President of the 
United States, communicating, in compliance with a resolution of the Senate of the 
19th December, 1866, information in respect to the progress made in collecting the 
products, and the weights, measures, and coins of the United States, for exhibition at 
the Universal Exposition at Paris in April next. 8vo, pp. 52. 



COREESPONDENCE UPON THE ORGANIZATION. 11 

States, (without compensation;) J. C. Derby, esquire, general agent in 
the United States, resident at New York. 

" It will also appear that such appropriation for the payment of nec- 
essary expenses as may he made will be a judicious outlay, from which 
large returns may be confidently anticipated in eifects upon the national 
revenues and resources, by tending to expand the demand for our pro- 
ductions, by attracting for the development of our latent wealth re- 
enforcements of labor and capital, and in the collection and diffusion of 
useful knowledge, of the improved applications of science to agriculture, 
manufactures, and art, through the results of the reports of the general 
scientific committee. The moral influence, moreover, of a just and lib- 
eral illustration of the vitality and progress of this nation, at such an 
international gathering, so soon after a great civil war, ought not to be 
overlooked in the consideration of this subject." 

PRELIMINAEY CORRESPONDENCE. 

THE INVITATION TO THE UNITED STATES. 

The following is a translation of the letter addressed to Hon. William 
H. Seward, Secretary of State, by L. de Geofroy, minister of France to 
the United States, and dated at the legation of France to the United 
States, March 27, 1865 : 

" By two decrees, dated June 22 and the 1st of last month, the 
Emperor has ordered that a Universal Exposition of the productions of 
agriculture, manufacture, and the fine arts should be opened at Paris 
May 1, 1867. Another decree, also issued February 1 of this year, and 
published in the Moniteur the 21st of the same month, has placed this 
grand international solemnity under the direction and supervision of 
a commission, the presidency of which has been confided to his Serene 
Highness Prince Napoleon. 

" Such a selection bears too high testimony to the importance which 
the Emperor attaches to the success of this Universal Exposition to 
leave any need to dwell upon it. As to the commission, it is composed 
of several of his Majesty >s ministers, of high functionaries of state, as 
well as of the most Competent of notable individuals. 

"The government of his Majesty charges me to give notice, officially, 
of these aforesaid decrees to the cabinet of Washington, to invite its 
valuable concurrence, and to designate an authority with which the Im- 
perial Commission could have a direct understanding. 

u It would also be of advantage, to avoid all loss of time, that the 
government of the United States should make choice at Paris of an 
agent who would be specially delegated to be near his Serene Highness 
the Prince Napoleon. 

" This mode of procedure is the most suitable channel, and the speedi- 
est, to convey to the knowledge of the Imperial Commission the wishes 
of the exhibitors from abroad. 



12 PAKIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

" The government of his Majesty would attach a high value to being 
informed as early as possible of the result of the steps I am charged to 
take, which have an exceptional character of urgency. 

a The objects sent to the Exposition will be received, in effect, in a 
palace constructed for the occasion of this solemnity, and the size of 
which should meet the actual need of the exhibitors of all nations. But 
that the general arrangements and plans which shall be adopted may be 
in relation with the claims for space which will be preferred, it will be 
necessary that the Imperial Commission should know, with the least 
delay, what states will take part in the Exposition, and how much space 
each would desire to obtain. 

" In ending the letter he has written to me on the subject, the minister 
for foreign affairs adds that he is gratified to hope that the government 
of the United States will show a disposition to facilitate, so far as it is 
concerned, the success of the work confided to the Imperial Commission. 
It is too enlightened not to appreciate the advantages of these solem- 
nities, at which nations contract new ties, collect useful and mutual 
lessons, and thus assure the development of their prosperity." , 

A copy of this note was transmitted, April 5, 1865, by Mr. Seward to 
John Bigelow, esq., minister of the United States to France, with the 
following letter : 

" I give you, for your information, a copy of a note which I have re- 
cently received from M. de Geofroy, charge d'affaires of the Emperor, 
concerning a projected Universal Exposition of productions of agricul- 
ture, manufactures, and the fine arts, to be opened at Paris on the first 
day of May, 1867, under the direction and supervision of a commission 
in which his Serene Highness the Prince Napoleon will preside. 

" You will inform M. Drouyn de Lhuys that the President of the 
United States regards the project thus described with great favor, as 
well because of the beneficent influence it may be expected to exert upon 
the prosperity of the nations as of its tendency to preserve peace and 
mutual friendship among them. 

" The Prince Napoleon is most favorably known on this side of the 
Atlantic, and his connection with the Exposition will increase its proper 
prestige in the eyes of the government and people of the United States. 

" What the executive government can do by way of concurrence in 
the noble purpose of his Majesty will, therefore, be very cheerfully done. 
The design and arrangements will be promptly promulgated. For the 
present you will confer with M. Drouyn de Lhuys, as a special agent 
of this government, and will bring yourself into near relations with the 
Prince. 

" This is as far, however, as the President is able to proceed without 
special legislative authority. Application for that authority will be 
made to Congress when it shall have convened. In the mean time this 
department will receive and give due attention to any suggestions which 
the government of France may desire to offer, with a view to a complete 
success of the contemplated Exposition." 



CORRESPONDENCE UPON THE ORGANIZATION. 13 

Mr. Bigelow also addressed Mr. Seward upon the subject, as shown 
by the following extract from a communication dated at the legation of 
the United States, Paris, April 12, 1865 : 

u I presume you have already received official notice of the Universal 
Exposition which it is proposed to hold in Paris in the summer of 1867, 
coupled with a request that the ingenuity and enterprise of our people 
should be represented in it. That you may lack none of the elements 
in my possession which, are necessary to determine the true policy of 
the United States in reference to this Exposition, I will state what has 
occurred at this legation in connection with it. 

" On the 18th of last month I received a note from Prince Napoleon, 
president of the Imperial Commission, inviting me to confer with M. Le 
Play, Commissioner General of the Exposition, in reference to a proper 
representation of the United States on the occasion, to which his Impe- 
rial Highness professed to attach much importance. Early in the fol- 
lowing week M. Le Play called upon me at the legation, and since then 
I have had a second interview with him at his office. He seemed anxious 
to know, in the first place, if my government would feel an interest in 
having the ingenuity and skill of the country represented at the Expo- 
sition. I ventured to express to him my decided conviction that it 
would j that in 1867 we all hoped and believed grim-visaged War would 
have smoothed his wrinkled front in the United States, and the arts of 
peace would have resumed their accustomed supremacy, in which case 
an opportunity of seeing, at a glance, what progress the whole world 
had made in the arts of civilization during the preceding five or ten 
years, and also of showing to the world what we ourselves had accom- 
plished, would unquestionably be highly prized by my countrymen. 

" M. Le Play seemed highly gratified by this assurance. He said the 
Prince president had been very much astonished by the marvels of 
ingenuity and skill which he had observed in the United States, and 
was anxious to have them more known and appreciated in France. 

a M. Le Play, with the utmost delicacy, suggested that it would be 
desirable that our government should place the direction of its repre- 
sentation at the Exposition in the hands, and, as far as possible, under 
the absolute control, of some person worthy of the trust, through whom 
the exhibitors, or their agents, and the central commission, might com- 
municate as occasion required. He spoke of this arrangement as likely 
to obviate some of the inconveniences which the commission experienced 
at the exposition of 1855. On that occasion nearly every State had its 
separate commissioner, subordinated to no central authority. Infinite 
confusion, and a great deal of dissatisfaction on both sides, were the 
inevitable consequences. M. Le Play, who was also commissioner gen- 
eral of the exposition of 1855, seemed to think it highly desirable that 
some trusty and competent person be invested with exclusive authority 
to communicate officially with the central commission, and to require 
the several State commissioners or agents to communicate through him 



14 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

as the proper agent or representative of the whole nation, just as on all 
political matters they would communicate through its diplomatic agent. 
I told M. Le Play that I concurred entirely with him in this suggestion, 
and should not fail to recommend it to my government, though, as an 
appropriation for money would be necessary to give such a commissioner 
his proper efficiency, the suggestion had come too late, I feared, for as 
early action as would be desirable. Congress having adjourned, no 
money could be appropriated by the government for this purpose before 
next winter, and it was, therefore, impossible for me to say in what way 
my government might find it convenient to manifest its interest in the 
objects of the Exposition before that time. M. Le Play seemed to regret 
the delay, which he feared might prejudice the interests of our repre- 
sentation in this wise : It is proposed to appropriate the Champs de 
Mars to the Exposition. A vast building is to be constructed in the cen- 
ter of this beautiful space, which embraces about one hundred and fifty 
acres ; and around the edifice, at a proper distance, groups of houses, or 
small villages, will be constructed and furnished to represent the domes- 
tic habits and characteristics of different nations. This will probably be 
the greatest novelty of the Exposition, if successfully executed, and 
nothing will be neglected by the Prince president, who has his heart 
very much in it, to make it a success. The plans for the structures 
necessary to the development of this feature ought to be matured without 
delay, and for that purpose there is immediate need of a commissioner 
to advise with in regard to the United States. I suggested that per- 
haps the President might take it upon himself to name a commissioner 
now, and define his duties, leaving it to Congress, when it meets, to fix 
his compensation, if he is to be paid, and, in any case, to supply him 
with the funds required in the proper execution of his duties. 

"He seemed to think that the sooner such a person should present 
himself here the better, and at the same time gave me to understand 
that an office would be provided for him in the Palais de ^Industrie, be- 
side his own, and all the architects and personnel of the commission 
would be at his disposal. 

"M. Le Play further informed me that it is the present intention of 
the Imperial Commission to assign about six times the space to exhibit- 
ors from the United States which was assigned to them in 1855. This is 
to be independent of the space occupied by the outside structures, which 
will doubtless be in proportion. 

"When this subject began to occupy my attention, I consulted Mr. N. 
M. Beckwith, a very intelligent American gentleman, at present residing 
in Paris, who had been one of the commissioners at the New York Expo- 
sition of 1853, and who was also more or less in the councils of the Amer- 
ican exhibitors at the Exposition of 1855. His experience and good 
judgment led me to attach great value to his opinion in regard to the 
proper mode of turning the Exposition of 1867 to the best account, and 
I requested him to give me his views in writing. He has been good 



CORRESPONDENCE UPON THE ORGANIZATION. 15 

enough to do so, and I have taken the liberty of annexing them to this 
dispatch. 

"So far as I have any well-defined opinions upon the subject, they 
lead me to approve of the suggestions of Mr. Beckwith. I think, how- 
ever, the success of the whole thing depends mainly upon having a com- 
petent central commissioner. He should be a man of high character ; 
reasonably familiar with the great sources of our national wealth ; accus- 
tomed to organize and employ the labor and talents of others ; thoroughly 
acquainted with the French people and their peculiar modes of organiz- 
ing their industry 5 and, above all, he should be conversant with their 
language, without which all other accomplishments would be nearly val- 
ueless." 

SUGGESTIONS FOR THE ORGANIZATION. 

The following is an extract from the letter of Mr. Beckwith to Mr. Big- 
elow referred to above. It is dated at Paris, April 3, 1865 : 

"In continuation of our conversation about the International Exposi- 
tion, permit me to add a few words. 

"The value of French exports last year was five hundred and eighty- 
one million dollars, and shows an increase of fifty-one per cent, in four 
years. 

"This growth of the external commerce is but the index of the greater 
growth of internal commerce, resulting from the increased productive- 
ness imparted to labor, skill, and capital ; and the increased productive- 
ness is traceable in details directly to the application of the sciences to 
the industrial arts. 

"If it be true that civilization was led in most countries for a long 
period by a few men of genius skilled in political science and literature, 
it is not less true that the men of physical science have at length come 
to their aid. 

"The geologists, naturalists, chemists, mineralogists, inventors, and 
engineers are now directing the labor of the world with a success never 
before attained. 

"As the intellectual domination of the material world increases, the 
hardships and barrenness of toil diminish and its products multiply ; and 
while political science emancipates the enslaved races, physical science 
enslaves the elements and forces of nature and emancipates mankind. 

"In this great movement the largest benefits will fall, with the largest 
markets in the world, to those who make the best provision for the devel- 
opment and diffusion of the practical sciences as applied to industry. 

"No nation produces within itself all these in perfection, nor keeps up 
with the daily progress in them ; but those are most advanced in the 
race who adopt the best methods of collecting and disseminating the 
progressive knowledge resulting from the studies and labors of all. 

"Among the methods for this purpose, international assemblies and 
exhibitions are increasing in numbers, in frequency, and in importance. 



16 . PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

" A knowledge of many of the useful and successful combinations of 
science and industrial art cannot be conveyed in words ; they must be 
studied in models and specimens, which display at once the combinations 
and effects, the modes and results. 

"These being the products of many localities and many countries, 
bringing them together facilitates their study, and affords, at the same 
time, the opportunity of careful and accurate comparisons, without which 
no study is complete. 

"The utility which experience ascribes to this method is indicated in 
France by a comparison of the provisions made for the exhibition of 
1854 with those making for 1867. 

"The first was entered upon timidly, the government relying chiefly 
on private capital and enterprise, on which the labor and risk were 
thrown. The latter has been taken up boldly as a business of state, and 
projected on a larger scale, contemplating an expenditure of twenty mil- 
lions of francs, of which twelve millions are to be supplied from the pub- 
lic funds, leaving eight millions as the probable contribution of visitors. 

" The United States have never participated in these assemblies to 
the extent naturally suggested by their interests, intelligence, and enter- 
prise, nor derived from them the benefits they might have done. I 
attribute this to the want of a suitable organization of the movement, 
to the want of timely information on the subject, and provision for the 
transportation, placement, and proper exposition of objects, and to the 
absence of the necessary co-operation of the government in aid of the 
exhibition. 

"First. The first step toward a proper organization is indicated by 
the regulations of the Imperial Commission, which require the govern- 
ments intending to co-operate to appoint a commissioner, duly accred- 
ited to the Imperial Commission, which commissioner will have charge 
of the business belonging to the country whose government appoints 
him. It is necessary for the commissioner to be in constant communi- 
cation with the Imperial Commission, to enable him to lay before the ex- 
hibitors early information of the plans and designs as they are developed 
during the whole progress of the formation of the Exposition. 

" Second. The commissioner will require an agency in New York, to 
centralize the movement in the United States, to communicate with 
exhibitors and impart to them the requisite information in detail, and 
to facilitate in general the movement. 

"The commissioner will also require (at a later period) the assistance 
of a committee, composed, first, of the professional and scientific persons 
whom the government should appoint to study and aid in preparing a 
suitable report of the exhibition, to be subsequently published ; second, 
of the agents appointed by different States, or associations, and such 
other persons as the commissioner may find necessary to aid in the gen- 
eral work. 

"Remark. — The agent in New York, and the professional men the gov- 



CORRESPONDENCE UPON THE ORGANIZATION. 17 

eminent may appoint, should be paid ; all others should serve without 
pay. The agent should select his own local committees or assistants, 
and so distribute them throughout the States as to render the movement 
active and efficient. 

"This organization, completed in smaller details, is the simplest and 
the least that will answer the purpose, and I feel no hesitation in ex- 
pressing the convictipn that nothing will be done on a scale worthy of 
the country, and with the completeness requisite for public benefit, if 
the government does not take the initiative in the manner and to the 
extent here indicated. 

"It is obviously necessary that the organization should conform to 
the plan of the Imperial Commission ; and it is equally obvious that in 
a movement of this kind, where there is no authority, and no correspond- 
ing responsibility, (which can only emanate from the government,) there is 
not likely to be the order, co-operation, and unity requisite for efficient 
management and useful results. 

" If the government decides to inaugurate the business in this way, the 
monetary provision required from Congress will, doubtless, be readily 
made. The country which taxes itself and appropriates more public 
money to education than all other countries will readily aid its men of 
the industrial sciences and arts to be present with the evidences of their 
skill in an assembly of nations where all contribute for the improvement 
of all, and from which none can retire without benefit. 

" The diffusion of knowledge is in proportion to the numbers brought 
in simultaneous contact with its sources and with each other; and the 
more numerous the objects assembled, the more numerous the exhibitors 
and visitors brought together, the better will be the results." 

On the 2d day of August, 1865, Mr. Bigelow again addressed the de- 
partment upon the organization of the Exposition. The dispatch is 
given entire, but the inclosures are omitted : 

"At a recent interview with M. Le Play, the Commissioner General of 
the Universal Exposition of 18G7, he informed me that the Imperial Com- 
missioners had finally fixed upon the Champs de Mars for the site of the 
Exposition, and had proposed to reserve for the United States 3,346 
square metres of space within the edifice, with the privilege, if we re- 
quired it, of some 1,600 metres lying adjacent and not yet appropriated. 
The map which accompanies this dispatch, and marked inclosure Xo. 1, 
will show the manner in which this space is distributed, and the propor- 
tion which the aggregate bears to the allotments made to the other 
powers. 

"M. Le Play wished to know what assurance I could give that we 
would occupy so much space. I replied that, unfortunately, this subject 
was not brought to the attention of my government until after the ad- 
journment of Congress, which does not meet again until December next ; 
that the amount of space we should require would depend very much on 
the liberality of its appropriations, the executive government having no 
2 p E 



18 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

funds or credits available for such a purpose. I also read to him from 
your dispatch, m which I was designated as 6 special agent/ the expres- 
sions of the interest which our government took in the Exposition j di- 
rected his attention to the important changes in our domestic affairs 
since that dispatch was written, all calculated to favor our participation 
in the Exposition ; and I concluded by expressing my personal convic- 
tion that the United States would make good use of all the space that 
had been allotted to it, and that no effort would be wanting, on my part, 
to secure such a representation as would be creditable to my country. 

" Further than this I told him I could not go; for though I believed 
that any recommendation which the President might make upon this 
subject to Congress would receive its approval, I could give him no 
stronger assurance of it than my personal conviction. I urged the Com- 
missioner General, at the same time, to let me have the detailed plans of 
the Imperial Commissioners at as early a moment as possible, to submit 
to my government, that no time should be lost, on the one hand, in pre- 
paring a programme for the action of Congress, and, on the other, in 
taking steps to ascertain the disposition and requirements of exhibitors. 

"About two weeks after this interview I received from M. Le Play two 
communications. Of the first, inclosure No. 2 is a copy, and inclo- 
sure No. 3 is a translation ; and of the second, inclosure No. 4 is a dupli- 
cate, and inclosure No. 5 is a translation. By inclosures Nos. 2 and 3 it 
will be observed that the Imperial Commission has felt constrained, in 
consequence of my inability to give the Commissioner General more defin- 
ite assurances, to reduce our allowance of space room from 3,346 to 2,788 
square metres. 

"I have as yet made no reply to this communication, for I have none 
to make. Though the commission has left us about nine times the space 
that we occupied in 1855, still I reget the reduction, so firmly persuaded 
am I, should the opportunity be fairly presented to our people, that the 
proportions which this Exposition is destined to take in the eyes of the 
world within the next twelve months will render it much more difficult 
to limit our contributions to the larger space than to fill it creditably. 

" Inclosures Nos. 4 and 5 embrace the general regulations and the sys- 
tem of classification adopted by the Commission. For the translation 
of the classification I am indebted to Mr. Beckwith, who has consented 
to act in the capacity of a special commissioner, under a power derived 
through me, as the special agent of the United States. In a note which 
accompanied this translation, Mr. Beckwith says: 'If the government 
would publish the classification in the newspapers, they would thus prob- 
ably reach every individual in the United States interested in the sub- 
ject. The classifications, like a carefully written chapter of contents, 
comprise more information as to the scope, limits, character, and objects 
of the Exposition, than could be given in any other form in an equal 
space. They suggest, of themselves, much of the information most use- 
ful and most desired by the public at this stage of the enterprise, which 



CORRESPONDENCE UPON THE ORGANIZATION. 19 

renders it important that they should be published and distributed with- 
out delay.' 

U I concur entirely in this recommendation, for the reasons to which I 
shall refer more at length presently. If our people are to participate in 
this Exposition, no time should be lost in supplying them with the means 
of knowing how they may do so to the best advantage, and for that pur- 
pose they must study the regulations and systems of classification pa- 
tiently and thoroughly. They may do that profitably, whether they 
finally exhibit or not, for they will there find probabty the most complete 
classification of the products of human industry and art anywhere to be 
found in print. 

" There are some features of the regulations to which it is proper that 
1 should invite your attention at once. - 1 may have occasion to trouble 
you about some of the others at a later day. 

" The Exposition is to open on the 1st of April, 1867, and to close on 
the 31st of October of the same year. The foreign commissioners are 
to be notified of the space allotted to their respective nationalities before 
the 15th of August instant, after which, I am given to understand that 
it will be impossible to make any material changes in that regard. All 
applications for admission, with a description of the articles to be exhib- 
ited, must be presented before the 31st of October, 1865, prior to which 
time also a plan or chart of the uses to which the space will be put by 
each nationality respectively must be made by the foreign commis- 
sioners, on a scale of m .l)02 per metre, and sent to the Imperial Com- 
missioners. 

"Detailed plan of articles, and their distribution in the space assigned 
them, must be furnished on the same scale by the foreign commissioners, 
as well as materials for the official catalogue, before the 31st of January, 
1866. 

u It thus appears that within the next six months, and before any 
action is likely to be taken by Congress, the Imperial Commission must 
know not only precisely what articles will be offered for exhibition, but 
they must have an accurate plan of their distribution. How far these 
regulations may be relaxed, and the time extended, will depend upon 
circumstances ; but, from the nature of the case, it is impossible that 
they should be relaxed so as materially to relieve American exhibitors, 
for the reason that the plan of the Exposition requires a peculiar dispo- 
sition of the articles, from which any serious departure is impracticable. 
This plan is explained in a communication from Mr. Beckwith, of which 
inclosure No. 6 is a copy, and to all of which I invite your attention. 

"It may, therefore, be assumed that to wait for the action of Congress 
before organizing the American department of the Exposition of 1867 
is equivalent to an abandonment of all profitable participation in it. All 
the plans must be laid, and the chief expenses incurred, if not made, 
before Congress can be heard from. 

" Should our country people, however, attach to the privilege of shar- 



20 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 






ing in the Exposition anything like the value which is attached to if by 
the people of Europe, it ought not to be difficult to find capitalists will- 
ing to anticipate the action of Congress by requisite advances of means 
whenever the government shall submit to them a plan or line of policy 
which it is prepared cordially to recommend to Congress and the public. 

"I trust that in the documents which I have already transmitted, with 
those which accompany this communication, the government will find all 
the information it will require to fix, without delay, upon the policy it 
ought to pursue. 

"Before closing this communication, there are one or two other 
features of the regulations to which it is my duty to invite your 
attention. 

u By article 5 it is provided that all communication between foreign 
exhibitors and the Imperial Commission shall take place through the 
commissioners of the respective countries, and in no case will they hold 
direct communication with the exhibitors. For this purpose foreign 
commissioners, if there are many, are invited by article G to appoint a 
delegate, as soon as possible, to represent them near the Imperial Com- 
mission. 

" These provisions are designed to meet the inconveniences which 
have heretofore resulted from a multiplicity of commissioners, who 
were often exhibitors, and to concentrate the practical cares of manag- 
ing the Exposition in the hands of persons specially selected for the 
duty, and who, by a careful study of its plan and familiarity with every 
stage of its growth, are best qualified to promote its success. These 
regulations also tend greatly to simplify the organization through which 
our government will have to operate. With an appropriation sufficient 
to pay such portion of the expenses of transportation as it may conclude 
to assume, and other allied expenses, (I would recommend that it as- 
sume the charge of all articles at tide-water in the United States until 
they are returned, those sold during the trip to pay their own charges,) 
and with two commissioners, one to reside in Paris and the other in New 
York, properly qualified for their duties, the official or governmental 
organization would be, for the present, and for the next eighteen 
months at least, complete. This subject is more fully developed by Mr. 
Beckwith in inclosure No, 6, to Avhich, for the present, I content myself 
with inviting your attention, as presenting what seems to me the sim^ 
plest, the most economical, the most harmonious plan of operation that 
I can imagine, and one open to fewest objections, and most certain to 
work successfully. I think it would be wise to take measures to avoid, 
as far as possible, any representation by States at this Exposition, for 
the Imperial Commission never know what relative value to attach to 
such commissioners, and the result of such a representation here would 
be, as it has always been before, that the whole national character of 
our part of the Exposition would be sacrificed to the interests of a few 
sharp-witted speculators who might chance to know best how to turn 



CORRESPONDENCE UPON THE ORGANIZATION. 21 

the inevitable confusion and disorder that would result to their own 
account. 

"When the Exposition is ready to open, it will he proper for the 
United States to be represented by a very different and more numerous 
body of men, who, by their knowledge and accomplishments, are quali- 
tied to describe in popular language the novelties with which the Expo- 
sition may abound. It is from the labors of such men as these that the 
country ought to derive its chief advantages from such an Exposition, 
but such men are not apt to be qualified nor to have the leisure or taste 
for any of the labor which precedes the opening or which follows the 
dosing of the Exposition. 

"In France it is provided that the Imperial Commission shall organize 
in each department what it terms departmental committees, whose 
duties, among others, it will be to create a commission of savans, agri- 
culturists, manufacturers, master-workmen, and other specialists, who 
should make a special study of the Exposition, and prepare and publish a 
report on the various applications which may be made in their depart- 
ment of the information they may gather. To meet at least a portion of 
the expense of this work, private subscriptions are authorized to be 
opened in the several departments. 

u Something similar should be done by our people and government ; 
and in the selection of candidates for such work, no pains should be 
spared to select the most capable from among the class of men who have 
enough of our own skill and resources to determine what is new and 
worthy of transplantation to the United States. This work will be done 
for the nations of Europe by their ablest men, for thus only are the im- 
portant lessons of the Exposition to be perpetuated and diffused. I 
hope we shall not disregard their example. In making choice of men 
for this labor our academies of art and design, our agricultural societies, 
our mechanics' institutes, and other literary and scientific societies, 
might possibly be consulted to advantage. 

" With no other apology for these somewhat perfunctory suggestions 
than my desire that our country may not only appear to advantage at 
the Exposition of 1807, but that its artists and artisans may profit by 
the unexampled opportunity for instruction which it will present, I 
remain, sir, with great respect," &c. 

APPOINTMENT OF AN AGENT IN NEW YORK. 

Mr. J. C. Derby, the United States dispatch agent, New York, having 
consented to act as the agent for the Exposition in the United States, 
he was instructed by the department as follows, under date of October 
9, 1865: 

" Sir : Having been informed of your willingness to act as the agent 
in the United States for the Paris Exposition for 1867, 1 inclose for your 
guidance and information a copy of a pamphlet prepared and published 
by this department, and which contains the dispatches of Mr. Bigelovv 



22 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

relative to the conditions upon which citizens of the United States can 
participate in the Exposition. The limited period allowed for applica- 
tions to be filed was, on the 2d of September, pointed out to Mr. Bigelow, 
and he was requested to inform the Imperial Commission that an exten- 
sion of the time would be gratifying to this government; and on the 
21st of that month his attention was again called to the importance of 
such an extension of time as would enable all of our citizens, who are 
so disposed, to unite in the Exposition so far as the space assigned will 
permit. 

" Your attention is particularly invited to the suggestions made by 
Mr. Beckwith, in his letter of the 30th of July, printed on page 26 of 
the pamphlet, and to Mr. Bigelow's remarks on page 7 of the same. 

" Two thousand copies of the pamphlet have been distributed, a num- 
ber having been sent to each of the governors of States and Territories, 
and a number having been sent to various other quarters where they 
would be likely to reach parties interested. Seventy-five copies, which 
remain on hand, will be forwarded to your address without delay, for 
such disposition as you may think proper. Whenever the result of the 
•application for extension is known here, you will be informed of it." 

Mr. Bigelow, at Paris, was informed of this appointment by a letter 
of the same date, from the department, (dispatch No. 284,) and of which 
the following is an extract: 

" Sir : With reference to the correspondence which has taken place upon 
the subject of the French Universal Exposition for 1867, 1 have to inform 
you that J. O. Derby, esq., the dispatch agent of the United States 
at New York, has been selected, and has consented to act as the agent 
for the Exposition in this country. I will thank you to request Mr. 
Beckwith to enter into correspondence with him as to the steps which 
it may be advisable for him to take in that capacity. 

u With regard to the extension which you have been requested to ask 
for of the time for filing applications of our citizens to become exhibit- 
ors, I would suggest that, if it should be found that the Imperial Com- 
mission is unable formally to accede to the proposed change, you will 
request Mr. Beckwith, when he prepares the general plan of organiza- 
tion of our branch of the Exposition, required according to the pro- 
gramme on the 31st of the present month, to make such allowance as his 
judgment may dictate for additional machinery and articles for which it 
may be expected subsequent applications will be made." 

The following is Mr. Bigelow's reply, (October 27,) together with a 
communication from Mr. Beckwith, under date of October 26, 1865 : 

u Sir : I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your dispatch 
No. 284, with an inclosure, by which I am advised of the appointment 
of J. C. Derby, esq., of New York, as agent for the French Universal 
Exposition of 1867, to reside in the United States. 

" I also have .the honor to inclose a copy of a letter this day received 
from Mr. Beckwith, Commissioner of the Exposition for the United 



CORRESPONDENCE UPON THE ORGANIZATION. 23 

States residing at Paris, from the tenor of which it would appear desir- 
able that Americans wishing to exhibit should be notified as soon as 
possible to send in their applications with specifications to Mr. Derby, 
instead of sending them to Mr. Beckwith. The reasons for giving this 
direction to the applications are sufficiently disclosed in Mr. Beckwith's 
note. I would suggest, also, that exhibitors be notified at the same 
time to make their applications as soon as possible, that the New York 
commissioner may have time enough to make his selections, allotments 
of space, drawings, &c.,and transmit them to the Commissioner at Paris 
before the 31st of January. 

u It may be also desirable that the public be prepared in some way, 
either in this notice or otherwise, to expect that it will be the endeavor 
of the commissioners to secure as complete a representation of the art 
and industry of the United States as possible, and for that purpose it 
will be necessary for them to make selections of representative articles 
in every class or group, rather than accept many specimens in the same 
class, whatever may be their merit. As the .space will be limited, it is 
as well that this guiding principle of having a complete Exposition, if 
we are to have any, should be known early, both to aid in bringing 
about such a desirable result, and to prevent needless disappointment. 

11 It is to be presumed that the Arinj^ and Navy Departments have 
some novelties appropriate for this Exposition ; if so, it is needless for 
me to say that anything coming from those quarters would be likely to 
command special attention." 

Mr. Beckwith to Mr. Bigelow. 

"Paris, October 26, 1865. 

" Dear Sir : In conformity with the instructions of the Secretary of 
State which you communicated to me, I have to-day placed myself in 
correspondence with J. 0. Derby, esq., agent, New York. I have pre- 
pared for him — 

" 1st. A general letter placing before him the present state of that 
part of the business of the Exposition of 1867 which he will have first 
to take up. 

"2d. The loss of time consequent upon the necessity of waiting for 
the action of Congress renders it necessary to transfer to New York 
the work of dividing the ground among exhibitors, (as suggested in my 
letter to you of the 30th July, published,) where preparation can be 
made pending the needful legislation, to complete the work of distribu- 
tion in a brief space of time afterward. 

u I have, therefore, transmitted to Mr. Derby eighteen letters, com- 
prising all the applications for space in the exhibition which I have 
received to this date. I have desired him to place the letters on record 
as a part of the applications to be considered in making the distribution 
of ground, and I have in conformity advised the writers that they will 



24 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

receive from Mr. Derby, in due time, definitive advices of the result of 
their applications. 

r"I shall now prepare as early as possible the plans and drawings by 
which Mr. Derby will be governed in making the allotments, and shall 
point out to him the manner and extent to which he can alter these 
plans to suit circumstances without departing from the general order to 
Which all conform. These documents will be accompanied by explana- 
tons and information which will, I hope, render the work easy. 

" I would now suggest the expediency of a notice, authorized by the 
government, requesting all who wish to exhibit, and have not made appli- 
cations, to send in their applications to Mr. Derby, with a limit of time 
in the notice beyond which no applications can be received. 

" The work will be so far advanced by this method, I trust, that by 
the time the needful legislation is finished the allotments can at once be 
made, and the plans, catalogues, and reports sent forward, so as to be 
returned to the Imperial Commission within the extended time they will 
be able to allow us. 

" I beg to call your particular attention to the importance of the allot- 
ments of ground; this, in reality, is the formation in embryo of the 
Exposition. 

" The selections of products will be limited in quantity to the area 
they are to occupy, but in variety and character they should comprise a 
full and fair representation of American products, industry, arts, and 
science. - 

" To make these selections and the allotments of space for them is the 
work which now devolves on Mr. Derby, and for the selections it is not 
probable that any one man could be as competent as several, each chosen 
for his knowledge in different departments. 

" When the applications are all in, and the work prepared, the selec- 
tions and apportionments, which must proceed together, will occupy but 
little time. 

u The attention of the government, I trust, will be given to this, and 
suitable persons invited to assist Mr. Derby for a brief period in this 
important part of the work." 

In regard to the extension of time requested of the Imperial Commis- 
sion, Mr. Beckwith wrote to Mr. Bigelow November 16, 1865 : 

"Dear Sir: The observations relating to the action of Congress in 
regard to providing transportation for the Exposition, contained in the 
article annexed to the circular of the Department of State of the 18th 
November, leave the impression that there is no occasion for the imme- 
diate decision of Congress on that subject, and as no other subject is 
named requiring early attention, the inference naturally suggests itself 
that there is none. 

u I cannot doubt, however, that your dispatches and my letters have 
presented the real situation, which requires an early decision, and that 
this will appear in the communications of government to Congress. 



CORRESPONDENCE UPON THE ORGANIZATION. 25 

" The application for time (which was granted) related only to the 
report due on the 31st October. That report was preliminary, and 
admitted of subsequent modifications, and delay in regard to it was not 
of great moment, but the important report called for on the 31st Janu- 
ary next is final in regard to that part of the work. It includes the 
allotment of ground and formation of the Exposition, (in embryo,) leav- 
ing but the subsequent labor of bringing it to maturity. This report 
cannot be made until after the action of Congress. 

"All that has been done is provisional and contingent on the future 
decision of the government; but to make the report in question we 
must abandon contingencies, and enter upon positive engagements with 
the Imperial Commission and with exhibitors. The early decision of 
Congress is therefore indispensable to avoid further delay and another 
appeal for more time. 

" There can be no doubt of the readiness of the Imperial Commission, 
and of the Emperor, to grant all the delay possible, without interrupt- 
ing seriously the general progress of the work ; but how far a delay of 
the important report alluded to would embarrass the general movement 
I am unable to judge. 

" All that the Imperial Commission has said on the subject is, that the 
work is well advanced ; that we are the only nation now in arrear, and they 
hope, and appear to expect, we will soon be able to make up lost time. 
I am the more anxious to have the present state of the business clearly 
understood, because, after the action of Congress, we shall need all the 
delay we can obtain. 

" There is a good deal of work to be done in New York, which has 
been presented in ample detail to Mr. Derby, but the work cannot be 
done till after the decision of Congress, and if forced to be done hastily, 
cannot be well done." 

IMPORTANCE OF THE EXPOSITION TO THE UNITED STATES. 

Mr, Beckwitli to Mr. Bigelow. 

" Paris, November 23, 1865. 
" Dear Sir : In proposing the Exposition of 1867, the French gov- 
ernment represented its chief object to be a collection of the useful prod- 
ucts of all countries for the purposes of comparison and the study of 
the methods and processes connected with the production and fabrica- 
tion of the objects collected, and that this end would be attained in pro- 
portion to the variety and universality of the collection. National 
exhibitions thrown together by the spontaneous action of producers 
never have the character of universality desired. Producers who are 
most active, or who act most in the spirit of sparing no expense in 
advertisements to increase sales and profits, come forward, while many 
whose products are equally desirable, and perhaps more instructive, 
have no occasion or no disposition to make use of the method, and they 



26 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

do not appear. Such collections are defective, and to that extent 
failures. 

"The course adopted by the French government on this occasion 
differs from that of preceding attempts, and is expected to have better 
results. Invitations to co-operate are limited to governments, and the 
respective governments are solicited to undertake the work for their 
respective countries, giving to their exhibitions the arrangement pro- 
vided in the general programme, which will bring them all in harmony 
with each other. Governments thus co-operating, it may be usually ex- 
pected, will adopt each for itself the local measures necessary to prevent a 
partial exhibition and to secure a collection more universal and fairly 
representative of the country in every department of national and indus- 
trial products. In this connection you will appreciate the importance 
which attaches to the distribution of the ground to exhibitors, because 
that comprises the formation of the Exposition and determines its char- 
acter. 

"I consider it superfluous to develop and discuss the direct advantages 
of international exhibitions in general, or of this one in particular, to 
the United States. They present themselves to intelligent minds, and, 
fortunately, we have no others to present them to. 

" Those who are familiar with the industrial products of England 
(and who are not ?) are aware that their prominent qualities are strength, 
solidity, and utility ; that those of France have always been remarka- 
ble for beauty and taste. They cannot have failed to observe, also, 
since the epoch of international exhibitions, the rapid improvement of 
English products in graceful forms, beautiful combinations of colors, 
finer designs, and superior taste, while those of France rise equally in 
the important elements of strength, durability, and fitness. Similar 
observations apply in an eminent degree to Belgium, which learns and 
combines from both ; and the same may be said in some degree of other 
surrounding nations. Nor is this surprising. Inventions, combinations, 
discoveries, improved methods and processes, spring to light simulta- 
neously in many fertile minds, and in many localities of all countries, 
but the knowledge is slow in spreading itself into general use. Its 
diffusion is quickened by international gatherings and exhibitions. 
But on this occasion there are indirect considerations which invite us 
with unusual urgency to co-operation. 

u No one is more sensible than yourself of the deficiency of exact in- 
formation in Europe in regard to America previous to the rebellion, in 
a political, literary, and moral sense, in a physical, geographical, sta- 
tistical, financial, industrial, scientific, and productive sense, and in 
every sense. It was obvious at every step, everywhere, and among all 
classes, and it suggested an incredible indifference, unaccountable to 
those not acquainted with the causes of such deficiency. The events of 
the last four years have made the United States more known than all 
the events of their previous history. Their magnitude, their resources, 



CORRESPONDENCE UPON THE ORGANIZATION. 27 

aud their strength are now acknowledged. The strong impression pro- 
duced is pleasing or impleading, according to the sympathies or aversions 
of classes and interests, but none deny the presence of a great power, 
and its advent is acceptable and hopeful to the masses of the numerous 
peoples. 

" Emigration of the productive and industrial classes from Europe to 
America is an acknowledged source of prosperity, and has long received 
the encouragement of the government. 

"An exhibition of the products of America in the center of Europe, 
well selected, and complete enough to be national, showing the mineral 
and agricultural resources, the state of manufactures, the varieties and 
quantity of machinery, and the condition of the industrial arts in gen- 
eral, would, in my judgment, produce an impression of surprise analo- 
gous to that produced by the disclosures of the war. The strongest 
impression would naturally fall on the mind of the most intelligent por- 
tion of the productive classes, who are most appreciative in tbis sense, 
and have tbe best means of being informed. This is the class of skilled 
labor and of practical knowledge, whose emigration is highly desirable, 
but who are slowest to risk the change. They would see and judge for 
themselves of materials and resources and products; of the existing 
conditions and opportunities open to them to better their condition in 
life. 

u Financial organizations under the patronage of the French govern- 
ment (a plan of which I have sent Mr. Derby) are now forming to aid 
the class of operatives in question to assemble from all parts of Europe 
to be present at the Exposition and to remain and study it. The con- 
course will be large, and they are the practical students of exhibitions. 

w We can participate in the benefits resulting from this, and I do not 
think it chimerical to suggest that an American exhibition, well selected 
and really national, viewed merely in its economical aspect, is desirable, 
and would return to the treasury, by increased immigration and aug- 
mented revenues, more than its cost, however liberal the provision of 
Congress. 

" The United States are the only nation of importance which has yet 
to express itself definitively on the subject, and a livety interest attends 
the action of Congress, not only on account of its bearing on the Expo- 
sition, but as an expression of its appreciation of the object and 
enlightened spirit of the undertaking." 

NOTICES TO PERSONS INTENDING TO EXHIBIT. 

Soon after the organization of the agency in New York, Mr. Derby 
issued a revised and enlarged edition of the official pamphlet, giving 
information to the public and directing attention to the importance of 
the proposed Exposition. He also issued a circular letter to the manu- 
facturers, mechanics, inventors, producers, engineers, architects, artists, 
and scientific and educational organizations of the United States, of 



28 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

which the following is a copy, and sent one hundred copies to the gov- 
ernor of each State and Territory : 

"New York, November 23, 1865. 

" The undersigned, having been appointed by the Secretary of State 
to the above-named agency, and being desirous of the co-operation of 
his countrymen in his efforts to make as complete, interesting, and cred- 
itable as possible the representation of this country at the great Exposi- 
tion, adopts this method of conveying to them information and sugges- 
tions upon the subject. 

" In compliance with a request made through our minister at Paris, 
the time for filing applications from the United States has been so far 
extended that all which reach the undersigned before the 1st of January 
next will be in season. When examined and considered, the decisions 
will be duly made known. 

"Parties wishing to exhibit are requested to apply immediately to the 
undersigned for correct forms of application and instructions, inclosing 
postage stamps for reply. 

" Articles accepted should be delivered at New York prior to January 
31, 1867. 

" Accepted articles will be shipped from New York to Paris and re- 
turned at government expense, provided the necessary action of Con- 
gress obtains. 

" To prevent unnecessary trouble, it should be understood that it is a 
primary object to make the representation of the United States as com- 
plete as possible in all the classes and groups enumerated in the pro- 
gramme published in the official correspondence, and that it will there- 
fore be necessary to select representative articles in every class or group 
rather than accept an excess of any one class. 

" In order to secure the universality of character above indicated, it 
is suggested that in each city or neighborhood those classes of manu- 
facturers, artisans, and others who produce articles for very general use 
or consumption, should, without any delay, agree among themselves as 
to the specimens for which space should be applied for. 

"Every effort should be made to bring forward new and useful me- 
chanical inventions, combinations, and fabrics, and pains should be 
taken to have all articles neatly and thoroughly finished and prepared 
for exhibition. 

" As the decisions, report, and plan of arrangements from the under- 
signed must reach Paris prior to the 31st of January next, it is very 
desirable that all applications should be sent in as much earlier than 
the 1st of that month as may be practicable." 



CORRESPONDENCE UPON THE ORGANIZATION. 29 

SELECTION OF PRODUCTS AND ALLOTMENT OF SPACE. 

THE COMMISSIONEE GENERAL TO THE AGENT IN NEW YORK. 

"Paris, October 26, 18G5. 

" In conformity with the directions of the Secretary of State, I have 
the pleasure to address you on the subject of the Universal Exposition 
of 1867. 

" The information which has doubtless been sent you by the Depart 
raent of State, and the publications from the same source, will have 
placed the business before you in its present state. This relieves me 
from the necessity of further preface, and I take up the subject at the 
point where the publications leave it. 

u The delay which has unavoidably occurred in organizing and initiat- 
ing the work has rendered impossible a strict compliance with that part 
of the Imperial Regulations (article 7) which calls for a report and speci- 
fications on the 31st of October, 1865. 

"An application now pending has consequently been made for an 
extension of time, and there is reason to expect that it will be granted. 
But as nothing definite can be done by us until authorized by Congress, 
and as the action of Congress is still distant and the period of its de- 
cision uncertain, it becomes the more necessary to be prepared to act 
rapidly when the time arrives. In the ordinary course it would have 
been practicable to receive in Paris all the applications of exhibitors and 
to make the allotments of ground here, but this would require six weeks 
or two months more of time, and, in view of the time already lost and 
still to be lost, it is necessary to transfer this part of the work to your 
side. The work, therefore, which will first come before you will be as 
follows : 

" First. A public notice for all applications (not previously sent in) to 
be sent in to you within a limited period. 

u Second. WJien this time has elapsed, and the applications (including 

those made here, which I shall send you) are all in, the selections will 

, have to be made, which will form the exhibition, and the total quantity 

of products accepted will be limited to the total area provided for them. 

"Third. The apportionment of ground to each exhibitor, to which his 
name and number will be attached, to his locality in the place desig- 
nated. 

"Fourth. The classification of products and placement in conformity 
with the general plan of the Imperial Commission, and drawings, to a 
scale of m .l)02, which will exhibit the distribution made, together with 
the plan and arrangement of tables, cases, and fixtures of all kinds for 
the exhibition of the products. 

"Fifth. Plan of the fixtures required, and statement of the force 
needed for machines in action. 

" Sixth. Catalogues of names of exhibitors, with their numbers, and 



30 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

catalogues of the objects to be exhibited, as described in article 7 of the 
Imperial Regulations. 

"I am preparing, and shall transmit to you as early as possible, the 
drawings and detailed plans which you will need in the distribution and 
apportionment of ground ; and I shall indicate the extent to which the 
Imperial Commission will allow the remodeling of these plans to suit 
your particular requirements, without breaking up the general plan con- 
formed to by all ; and I will add such other information and explana- 
tions as will, I hope, make this part of the work easy. 

" The most important part of the labor will be the selection of prod- 
ucts, selection being necessarily limited to the area for exhibition, and 
the governing idea being a fair and, as far as possible, a full representa- 
tion of national products. 

u For this labor not any one man probably would be as competent as 
several, each of whom would be better informed in some particular depart- 
ment. 

" I am not informed as to whether the government will provide for 
this, or whether it will be left to you, nor is it of much moment, provided 
the right thing be done. But you will observe the importance of the 
selection, which, in fact, is the real formation of the Exposition, and its 
completeness and value will depend on the knowledge and judgment 
displayed in this department. 

" The preceding will serve to inform you of the work you have to pre- 
pare for." ###### 

"No. 4.] "Paris, November 1, 1865. 

"Dear Sir: The leading object of the French government in under- 
taking the Exposition of 1867 is indicated in the method adopted by the 
Imperial Commission for the purpose of forming the Exposition. The 
principal motive of producers in exhibiting may be to advertise the 
qualities and value of their products, thus augmenting sales and profits. 
But these considerations are only collateral and secondary with the gov- 
ernment. The primary object is an opportunity for the comparison of 
products and the study of processes by which the knowledge that multi- 
plies products, imi>roves their qualities, and diminishes their cost, is dif- 
fused. 

" For this purpose, it is obvious that the Exposition should be ' uni- 
versal;' that is, it should comprise specimens of the useful products of 
the universe. To give to the Exposition, as far as possible, the character 
of universality, the method of forming it, suggested by experience, and 
adopted by the Imperial Commission more fully than in any preceding 
exhibition, is the following : All useful products are first divided into 
groups, and the groups divided into classes. The ground on which the 
products are to be exhibited is then divided into compartments corre- 
sponding to the groups and classes, and these compartments are, in due 
course, to be filled with their appropriate objects. By this method of 






ALLOTMENT OF SPACE TO THE UNITED STATES. 31 

proceeding, the Exposition Avill of necessity have the character of uni- 
versality intended. 

u An examination of the grouping and classification which have been 
published will show that, however diversified and different the products 
of different countries and climates, they will all find a place in the dif- 
ferent classes, while no country of any extent, probably, will be found 
destitute of products suited to each class. 

" In dividing the ground, the importance of some products as com- 
pared with those of the same country is not overlooked. The more 
important should have a corresponding representation, which, in general, 
implies a larger space. 

" This is provided for as follows: The divisions suited to the products 
of France and adopted by the Imperial Commission are represented as a 
model. But discretion is reserved to the commission of each country to 
remodel this plan and adapt it to their own wants, which is only limited 
by the skeleton or autonomy of the general plan, which requires all 
groups and classes to be preserved, and precludes any from being 
entirely obliterated. 

" The property of this provision may be explained in this manner : All 
countries, for example, produce clothing; but the makers of clothes in 
our country might not feel much interest in exhibiting their work in 
another country, with a view to markets, where differences of climate, 
of race, and of habits are against them. 

" There is, however, no product of labor more important, none in which 
human skill has been more universally, nor to which science and art 
have been more elaborately, applied in the conversion of raw material, 
in the adaptation of garments to climates, to particular uses, and to the 
various conditions of life, and for the comparisons necessary to an appre- 
ciation of the best qualities of each ; collections of native costumes or 
clothing from all countries are equally desirable and valuable. 

•'The method thus carried out will obviously produce the conditions 
desired — facilities of comparisons and the studies of processes relating 
to products of greater importance, and to those of less importance to 
the products of one locality, as compared with those of another in the 
same country, and to the products of all countries compared with each 
other. 

u The Exposition will at the same time be, to a large extent, an adver- 
tisement of products for the direct interest of producers. 

"My chief purpose in this brief explanation of method and object is 
to call your attention more pointedly to one of the topics in my letter of 
the 26th of October, 1 viz : The allotment of ground to exhibitors. 

" The allotment of ground is the formation of your exhibition ; when 
this is complete your exhibition (in embryo) will be completed. 

"The success of its representative character, in a national sense, 

1 The letter here referred to is published in the official pamphlet, second edition, page 
37, and with these papers, pages 23-24. 



32 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

depends, therefore, in the knowledge and judgment displayed iu the 
allotments, because that determines at once the variety of products to 
he displayed, and the quality and importance ascribed to those selected 
for exhibition in each department. A right understanding of the views 
of the French government in regard to the Exposition, in which the 
United States are invited to co-operate, and the importance which 
attaches to the allotments, will, L hope, excuse my having returned to 
this subject and dwelt so long upon it." 

"No. 9.] "Paris, November 8, 1865. 

"Dear Sir: I have alluded in previous letters to the great import- 
ance attached by the Imperial Commission, not only to the exhibition of 
useful products, but to the exhibition of the methods and processes by 
which these objects are produced. 

"Extensive preparations will be made in the Palace and in the Park 
to exhibit machinery in action, accompanied by the persons usually em- 
ployed with it, displaying at once its method of action and its products. 

"Great efforts are also making to bring together and exhibit groups 
of families of persons of all nations usually employed in the industrial 
arts, whether carried on by mechanical means or by the use of a few 
tools and implements combined with manual labor and skill, dressed in 
their native working costumes, installed in their usual habitations, or 
those resembling them, and fabricating the objects they exhibit. 

"The interest and importance which the Imperial Commission ascribes 
to the exhibition of methods and processes, the scope intended to be 
given to this department, the police, sanitary, and other peculiar pro- 
visions requisite, and the general co-operation which is invited, are set 
forth in the document hereto annexed. It comprises thirty-two pages, 
chiefly in lithograph and partly in manuscript. It has not yet been pub- 
lished, and is incomplete. The plan is developed day by day, under the 
study of the Imperial Commission, aided by the suggestions of others, 
which are invited and frequently adopted. 

" I send it in the imperfect form, because I think it sufficiently devel- 
oped for your purposes, and no more time should be lost in presenting it 
for your consideration and that of the persons with whom you will doubt- 
less advise in forming the exhibition. 

"The programme, you will observe, includes all nations and nation- 
alities, civilized and uncivilized, among whom industrial arts exist; and 
there are few people without them. 

"Doubtless the greatest variety and number of these industrial groups 
will come from Oriental nations, which are little advanced in the science 
of mechanics, and destitute of the great combinations of capital and 
skill embraced in large manufactories. Industrial art among them is 
still confined to the family circle; but their products are abundant in 
variety and quantity, frequently excellent in quality, often of great 
beauty, and in the important elements of utility and cost they still hold 






ALLOTMENT OF SPACE TO THE UNITED STATES. 33 

in check and nearly control the great markets of the East, exposed to 
the competition of the best fabrics of Europe and America. 

"But the Imperial Commission does not limit its Exposition to the 
East; it hopes for similar exhibitions from North America and from 
South America 5 and I am desired to bring the subject to your particular 
attention. 

"The programme is comprehensive in the scope of industries it pro- 
poses to exhibit — workers in metals, in glass, in chemicals, in wood, iu 
leather, in all materials; hand-spinning, weaving, and embroidery, ma- 
chine sewing, machine shoemaking, knotting offish-nets, twisting offish- 
lines. No industry will be out of place, even to a group of red Indians 
making pipes, bows, wampum, feathers, or baskets. These last, indeed, 
would be among the most unique and interesting objects you could send. 
They would add a valuable feature to the ethnological elements which 
the many nationalities assembled, with their peculiar habits, manners, 
industries, and character, are expected to display, and which subject the 
French Scientific Commission has been particularly directed to study. 

" However uninteresting a group of red men may be in America, few 
objects would be thought more interesting in Europe; while similar 
groups brought from the East may afford subjects equally curious and 
instructive to Americans." 

•• No. 10.] " Paris, November 8, 1865. 

"Dear Sir: The special committee (French) on admissions, Class No. 
93, on habitations combining cheapness, health, and comfort, have pub- 
lished the document annexed. 

" Ground in the Park is appropriated for this purpose, and great im- 
portance is attached by the Imperial Commission to the exhibition of 
rural habitations from all countries. It is suggested, also, that the fur- 
niture adapted to them, being on exhibition, may be placed iu them, and 
that they may be inhabited by the families or groups of persons alluded 
to in my letter No. 9, and the documents attached to it. 

"The impression prevails that we produce in America model houses 
of iron, combining many useful qualities and adapted to many localities; 
also model houses of wood, comprising similar qualities in a higher 
degree — such houses as are shipped to California, &c. But great interest 
attaches to the exhibition of rural habitations, of whatever material, 
adapted to all classes of laborers and every grade of fortune, including 
the log-houses of remote settlers and those of the transitional condition, 
from a humbler to a higher state of prosperity and comfort correspond- 
ing with the use and development of condition and wealth in settlements 
of rapid growth, in which no country can compare with America. A row 
or group of this kind would speak strongly to the eye and the mind. It 
would contrast strongly with corresponding groups from different parts 
of Europe and the East, where characteristics are immobility and pov- 
erty — no growth, no change. Habitations of this description are typical 
3 P E 



34 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

of the moral and physical condition of the great bulk of the population 
of all countries; they indicate the degrees of intelligence, thrift, and 
prosperity among them, and would be objects of interest and instruction 
to the great emigratory classes, as well as to the philosopher and econ- 
omist. " 

"No. 17.] " Paris, November 10, 1865. 

"I inclose an application, in behalf of the State of Michigan, for twenty- 
one thousand feet of blank space in the Exposition. I also inclose my 
reply to M. d'Aligny, which please read and forward to him. I suggest 
the expediency of your publishing in the newspapers as advertisements, 
or otherwise, a notice to applicants, comprising the observations 1 have 
made to M. d'Aligny on the necessity of an exact description of each 
article to be exhibited, without which you never can complete catalogues 
for the report on which the Imperial Commission compiles its publications. 
The description is indispensable, and in the outset I have assigned some 
explanatory reasons for this method of proceeding, which you will prob- 
ably agree with me are requisite to satisfy applicants and induce them 
to comply with the requisitions. 

" You are doubtless conscious how strongly we Americans are disposed 
to revolt at everything chalked out for us, and how inclined to think 
we could make it better, (and perhaps we could,) and therefore take our 
own way about it. 

"But the question of better or worse does not arise in this case; it is 
merely a question of method or no method. Any method that all follow 
is better than none ; and as it belongs to the Imperial Commission to lay 
down the method, it belongs equally to us to follow it, and we cannot 
get on without. You had better be firm on this at the outset ; you will 
have to come to it, and it will save time. " 

"No. 21.] " Paris, November 27, 1865. 

" Dear Sir : I beg to hand you with this a number of drawings, six 
in all, numbered 1 to 6 ; they develop plans of that section of the Expo- 
sition Palace appropriated to the United States, and are accompanied 
by detailed explanations of each drawing, which document is num- 
bered 77. Explanations of this kind seldom appear as clear to the 
reader as to the writer ; many details which are present in his mind, 
and fill up the outlines, are omitted in the description from a feeling that 
they will suggest themselves, and that a record of them is superflous, 
and would only make the description tedious and obscure, rather than 
clear. 

"But the plans and explanations will, I hope, be found sufficient to ena- 
ble you to make the distribution of groups and classes, and the allotments 
of place to exhibitors with facility, and free from error. 

"At all events, if you find my details defective, I must refer you to 
the French plan, No. 1, which I send you ; it is all I have had to work 



ALLOTMENT OF SPACE TO THE UNITED STATES. 35 

from, and I hope you may find the study of it more interesting than 
I do. 

" The plans herewith relate only to the Palace ; nothing is said of the 
Park, nor of the three groups (VIIT, IX, X) and twenty-two classes 
which belong to the Park. I shall return to this subject as soon as the 
Imperial Commission makes up its mind on it, and decides on the distri- 
bution and manner of occupying it. 

u No definite apportionments of ground in the Park to nationalities 
have yet been made. All are told they can have what they want, but I 
imagine there is some difference of opinion as to the manner of occupy- 
ing the grounds. The Imperial Commission is, therefore, inviting from 
the foreign commissions suggestions as to how much ground they want, 
and how they wish to employ it. Doubtless in a few days the plan will 
be settled, and the appropriations made, to be occupied in conformity 
with the ground-plan, which will be promulgated. 

" I think you will find we have less room in Group VI in the Palace 
than we require. My impression is, we ought to occupy twice as much 
room as we have in that department. The United States are not so 
strong in products of the other groups as in those of the sixth, and they 
are of a kind that require room. But the plan of the building does not 
admit of giving us a larger portion of room in that group ; it is the same 
as tails to other nations ; but the products of other nations do not demand 
so much room in that department. 

"I have, therefore, proposed, in writing to Washington, if it should 
be the opinion of your committee also, to supplement the ground of the 
Group VI in the Park, provided the Imperial Commission will consent to 
the requisite modification; and my present impression is, they will do so, 
though they have not yet given me a definite answer. You had better, 
therefore, as soon as you are ready to do so, express your opinion to the 
government on this subject, and inform me also of your views. 

" I shall not wait, however, for the advice, but secure the ground con- 
ditionally if I can, but I wish to hear from you as soon as possible in 
regard to it. 

" If we occupy a space in the Park with objects of Group VI, it will 
necessitate the construction of a building suitable to the purpose at our 
expense ; but I think we shall not hesitate about that if we want it, nor 
do I imagine Congress will hesitate. 

" The government of the United States will not be satisfied to under- 
take an exhibition of the produce of the country on a diminutive scale, 
nor permit it to fall short and be deficient for want of room, nor on 
account of the additional expense this may involve. Belgium is in a 
similar situation, and has resolved to supply the room she needs by 
building on the Park, which, I have no doubt, will be permitted; but if 
we find we can do without it I shall be glad of it. 

"This proposal does not affect the arrangements to be made for 
Groups VIII, IX, X, which belong to the Park, the provisions and allot- 
ments for which are now delayed by the Imperial Commission." 



36 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

" No. 22.] " Paris, November 29, 1865. 

" Dear Sir : I am favored with yours of the 13th instant, which 
reached me last evening, and I take due note of your observation. 

" You will by this time have acquired a good idea of the work to be 
done, and papers I send you by this mail will complete your impression 
of the best way of doing it. It is necessary to appreciate the difference 
between an irregular and defective exhibition, which characterizes itself 
by spontaneous movements without concert of producers, and an exhi- 
bition formed by the state, which should be well selected, classified, and 
complete in all its parts. 

u You desire to know how long it will be safe to continue to receive 
applications, and the date of the latest mail which will reach here in 
time. 

" It would be easy to reply to those inquiries if we could be governed 
solely by the demands of the imperial programme for January ; but this 
is impossible. We must be governed by the requirements of the pro- 
gramme, taking the risk of failure ; there is no other way. 

"The first thing you have now to do is to sketch your plans of the 
ground for Groups II and V, (see my explanation of plan 3.) The second 
is to decide the space you will give (or thereabouts) to each class of ob- 
jects in the respective group, and mark out the space in conformity ; and 
the third is to select from your applications the most representative and 
suitable products, and form and file the groups and classes laid out in 
your plan. 

" When this is completed your exhibition will be formed. This work 
requires knowledge of products, judgment, and care; it cannot be 
hastily done and well done, but it can doubtless be accomplished, and 
your plans drawn and catalogues made while Congress is deliberating. 

u There will then remain but little to do after the decision of Congress 
but to announce to applicants the result of their applications. This 
announcement will constitute the definitive allotments of ground to 
exhibitors. It forms the contract between the exhibitors and the gov- 
ernment, and between the government and the Imperial Commission, 
and cannot be made, Of course, till authorized by the government, neither 
on your side with the applicants, nor on my side with the Imperial Com- 
mission. You will doubtless have the work so far advanced, in the form 
indicated, by the time you receive the orders of the government, that 
you can close up the part necessary to the report of January 31 in very 
brief time. 

" This is all you can do in advance, and you must be governed by the 
movements of Congress up to that period ; you cannot be governed by 
the requirements of the imperial programme. If we keep up with the 
action of Congress, (which we must do,) and still the business from the 
delay of Congress falls behind and finally fails, we shall have done all 
we could do. As you will see the movements of Congress you can shape 
your own by them; but should Congress decide sooner than I anticipate, 



SELECTION OF PRODUCTS FOR EXHIBITION. 37 

you must still take time to do the work in a proper manner. We were 
not authorized to begin sooner, and it would be a mistake to close the 
work prematurely, half done or badly done. 

" It is easier to find a reasonable and acceptable excuse for taking the 
time absolutely necessary than to apologize for imperfect and bad work 
when it appears. 

"As soon as it is decided that Congress will pay the expenses you 
will have applications enough, which will enable you to fill up the groups 
and classes, and form the exhibition in a more complete manner than 
you could otherwise obtain. But the work of filling up the groups and 
classes will doubtless involve some negotiations with exhibitors, and will 
inevitably require time, and the work should not be slighted ; dispatch 
will depend on the skill and competency of your assistants. But I have 
no doubt of your being able to keep up with Congress, and you can 
judge better than I can when and what notice, or if any notice, to close 
the acceptance of applications, is necessary. 

" If anything occurs to make it necessary to be more positive in regard 
to dates, I will of course advise you. All I can now say is, you have 
the programme and knowledge of the situation, and have only to use 
the greatest dispatch compatible with the circumstances and with the 
work which must be done. 

" I have no doubt from what I have since heard of Mr. Evans, 1 he is 
qualified for the work I suggested, and will be very useful to you. You 
cannot get on without a competent man in that department, and if he 
is competent I may want him here. If Congress does not refuse to 
undertake the work, it will not refuse to pay the cost of it ; if it does 
refuse, there is an end of it. No provision is made for the reception of 
the produce of any foreign country not presented by the government of 
the country, nor is it likely, under the circumstances, that producers 
would be willing to appear in any other way even if it were practicable, 
which it is not." 

ADVISORY COMMITTEE. 

Some of the citizens of Xew York who felt a deep interest in the proper 
representation of our country in the Universal Exposition, at the request 
of Mr. Derby, and with the approbation of the State Department at 
Washington, organized an "advisory committee" to assist Mr. Derby, 
particularly in making selections from the numerous applications for 
admission of products. The services of this committee were gratuitous. 
It consisted of ten members, one for each of the ten groups as set forth 
in the programme of the Imperial Commission. The aid of experts in 
each group or class was obtained, and great efforts were made, not only 
in the city of Xew York, but elsewhere, by journeys through portions of 

1 Mr. F. W. Evans, of Boston, Massachusetts, chairman of the advisory committee 
upon Group VI, who died while engaged upon the work of organization. Mr. Evans was 
educated as an engineer at the £cole Centrale, Paris, and his untimely death caused 
a great loss to the work. 



38 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

the United States, to secure a full representation of the multiform and 
various products of the country. They had the benefit of the active 
co-operation of several State Commissioners, of many societies, and of 
private individuals, and occasionally had the opportunity of consulting 
with some of the Government Commissioners. 

At a meeting of this advisory committee held in the city of New York, 
on the fourth day of December, 1866, the secretary, Professor Charles 
A. Joy, was directed to prepare an abstract of the minutes of previous 
meetings, and to state what further measures would, in the opinion of 
the committee, be required in order to carry on the work to a successful 
completion. From the report presented in conformity with these instruc- 
tions, it appears that early in January of 1866 the following communi- 
cation was addressed to Mr. Derby by the committee : 

u Your communication of the 19th instant, informing us that l upon 
consultation with prominent citizens interested in the growth and devel- 
opment of the resources of our country,' we had been designated as a 
committee to aid you in the selection of proper articles for exhibition in 
Paris in 1867, has been duly received ; and after a brief consideration of 
the subject, and in compliance with your request, we beg leave to sub- 
mit the following suggestions : 

u This is the first time that the government has proposed to take part 
in a foreign exhibition. Hitherto the representation has been by indi- 
vidual effort and without system, and has been in no sense national. 

" It is now incumbent upon those having the matter in charge to take 
prompt, efficient, and comprehensive action, to insure a creditable dis- 
play of the products and productive capacity of the United States $ and 
if, in consequence of the shortness of time and of inadequate appropria- 
tions, it is found that the work cannot be properly done, it would be bet- 
ter for the nation to be excluded from the Exposition than for us to send 
forward a defective and partial exhibition, which will be neither useful 
nor respectable, nor in any way representative of the products of the 
country. 

u rpj ie representation of the United States at the Exposition of 1867, 
that would be satisfactory to its government and its people, and worthy 
of effort and expenditures, would be one that furnishes its representa- 
tive products in each of the several classes as set forth by the Imperial 
Commissioners, so far as they are known to exist in this country. 

" In our judgment, even if the time were not short, there would be 
great difficulty in undertaking to obtain these products by an appeal for 
voluntary offers ; but under present circumstances, and expressly in 
reference to that of time, it is not to be expected that such measures 
will effect the desired representation, and that therefore recourse must 
be had to very different means in order to insure the end in view. 

" First. As it appears to us, it is necessary that it be made known to 
the people of the United States that it is the intention of the govern- 
ment, in view of great and important national considerations, to take 



SELECTION OF PRODUCTS FOR EXHIBITION. 39 

the necessary measures, with the co-operation of its citizens, to have the 
products and productive capacity of the country fairly represented at 
the Exposition of 1807. 

" Second. That the government will furnish all the transportation 
necessary from the seaports of the United States to Paris and back ; that 
it will provide agents to receive, take care of, and return the products 
furnished ; and that it will empower a suitable commission to apply for 
and receive applications in such detail as may be necessary for selection, 
and iin ally to determine what articles are to be asked for, obtained, and 
forwarded, and that, in defining the duties of such commission, it shall 
be specially provided that the best products of the several kinds shall 
be selected, and where there are numerous producers of the same class 
of products of the same degree of excellence, care shall be taken to 
apportion the articles among as large a number of producers as possible. 

" A publication of this intention of the government, accompanied by 
an appeal in the proper spirit and language, and setting forth clearly 
what is asked for of the producers, and, impressively, the principle of 
fairness and impartiality that will be required of the commission, would, 
it appears to us, meet with a response which would enable the commis- 
sion to perform its part. 

" To some extent the commission might find it necessary to make 
special application to obtain creditable products. It would be of great 
service to such commission to have copies of the catalogues of the 
expositions of 1851, 1855, and 1862, in Europe, and of 1853 in the United 
States. 

" The government of the United States ought to be a contributor, as 
is the case with foreign governments. It could order the whole of the 
larger parts of an engine for a war steamer to be set ux> in Paris, as a 
fair indication of our capacity in that class of production. 

" Should the action of the government and of the producers of the 
United States be of the character briefly set forth, it is evident that no 
small space at the Exposition will be required ; and we deem it necessary 
to remark that, in view of such action, the spaces occupied in the expo- 
sitions of 1851, 1855, and 1862, under entirely different influences, afford 
no proper basis of conclusion as to the allotment required in 1867. 

" Xot having before us any estimate of the expenditures required for 
the participation of the United States in the manner proposed, we can 
hardly with propriety name any^ sum ; but in our view of the urgent 
need of very prompt action, we deem it proper to say that it appears to 
us that not less than $300,000 should be placed at the command of the 
appropriate department, from which the commission would receive its 
powers and instructions, and to which it would make application for 
such funds as may be necessary to perform the work intrusted to them. 

" In this communication we have aimed to present, in a summary 
manner, the views which we have formed. Of course, very much remains 
to be considered and decided. 



40 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

" If in the future proceedings it is thought that we can be of service, 
we shall be happy to meet you and to render such aid as may be in our 
power. 

"For the advisory committee: [Signed byj Horatio Allen, Samuel B. 
Euggles, Frederick Law Olmsted, Charles A. Joy, sub-committee.' 7 

An estimate of expenses was prepared in conformity with the above 
letter. 

" Mr. Euggles and Mr. McElrath, of our committee, repeatedly visited 
Washington to urge upon Congress the necessity for immediate action. 

" They, with others, addressed public meetings and published articles 
in the papers of the day. 

" It was not until the 5th of July last, more than a year after the at- 
tention of the government had been first called to the subject, that any 
appropriations were made, and those then made were quite inadequate 
in amount. 

" The United States agency has therefore labored under disadvantages 
not experienced in other countries. 

" The uncertainty which prevailed to some extent in Congress, in the 
peculiar condition, at a certain period, of our public relations with France, 
whether the United States would participate at all in the Exposition, 
and the consequent delay in the passage of the appropriation, rendered 
it impossible, at an early day, to arouse the national spirit to the extent 
that a different state of facts would undoubtedly have witnessed. 

" Notwithstanding these untoward circumstances, a very considerable 
work has been done, and much more can be accomplished if immediate 
additional aid be rendered by Congress. 

" The highest interests of the nation evidently demanded the utmost 
efforts of your committee to stimulate the country without delay to a 
full exhibition of its products, notwithstanding any temporary inade- 
quacy of the appropriations. 

" They have proceeded under the conviction that Congress, when fully 
acquainted with the magnitude of the subject, and its consequent neces- 
sities, would make any necessary increase in the appropriations. 

"At the meeting of the Advisory Committee, December 4, 1866, the 
respective chairmen of the ten groups submitted full reports of what 
they had been able to accomplish up to that date." 

Mr. William J. Hoppin, chairman of the committee for Group I, em- 
bracing works of art, &c, reported that a general invitation to partici- 
pate in the Exposition had been addressed to artists and others, and 
extensively circulated in the newspapers. A committee charged with 
the duty of selecting was organized from among the owners of private 
galleries and familiar with the condition of art in this country. 

"They adopted the rule to accept, if possible, only. the best things we 
have done since 1855, and this rule necessarily excluded some interest- 
ing and creditable works, which, if the competition were among our- 
selves, and not between the United States and foreign nations, would 



SELECTION OF PRODUCTS FOR EXHIBITION. 41 

probably have been admitted. Want of space also compelled the exclu- 
sion of some valuable productions. 

"It was determined to give great predominance to landscapes in our 
selection, because this was the department in which the American school 
of art has gained most distinction. 

" In obedience to these rules, the art committee endeavored to decide 
which were the best pictures that had been painted by the leading men 
within the last ten years, and then to obtain these works by direct appli- 
cations to their owners. 

"In sculpture the same general rules of selection prevailed, and some 
of our best productions will be sent to Paris. 

u The owners of these works of art expect no private advantages from 
this enterprise, and are willing, for no other motive than to increase the 
fame of the artists and the credit of the nation, to submit to the absence 
of their treasures for nearly a year, and to the risk of their possible loss. 
It therefore seems no more than reasonable that Congress should make 
an additional appropriation for return freight, premiums of insurance, 
and the necessary expense of an agent or custodian. 

u The value of the works of art thus contributed and loaned by these 
individuals for the public benefit is at least $150,000, and it would be 
exceedingly unjust and ungenerous if, in addition to the sacrifices made 
by them, they should be called upon to pay the charges indicated 
above." 

Professor Charles A. Joy, chairman of Group II, embracing books, 
proofs and apparatus of photography, musical instruments, medical and 
surgical instruments, mathematical and philosophical instruments, &c, 
reported : 

That there were 147 applications for space ; of these 50 were with- 
drawn voluntarily or rejected, leaving 97 producers to whom space was 
assigned. 

Mr. Samuel B. Buggies, chairman of the committee upon Group V, 
and commissioner, reported : 

" The chairman of this group, soon after his appointment by the gov- 
ernment in July as one of the ten professional commissioners, for the 
purpose of securing adequate action by the country personally visited 
all the States from New York westward to Minnesota and Iowa inclusive, 
explaining the importance of the Exposition to the interests of the vari- 
ous portions of the United States. 

"In these efforts, and especially in the northwestern States, he was 
actively and efficiently aided by two of his associates in the commission, 
Mr. James H. Bowen, of Chicago, and Mr. Henry F. Q. d'Aligny, of the 
Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and also by the zealous co-operation of 
several of the commissioners appointed by the several States, including 
Mr. J. L. Butler, of Missouri, Mr. J. P. Reynolds, of Illinois, and Mr. J. 
A. Wilstach, of Indiana." 



42 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

The magnitude in number and in bulk of .the contributions in Class 40 
of this group, the products of mines and metallurgy, rendered it necessary 
to select only the most important and characteristic portions. It was 
therefore necessary to call in the aid of experts, not only to make the 
necessary selections, but to classify, label, and properly pack in boxes 
the specimens to be sent, and for that purpose to procure suitable rooms 
and several skilled assistants. 

This labor for a portion of the collections sent to Paris from New York 
was performed chiefly by and under the direction of Professor Thomas 
Egleston of the School of Mines of Columbia College, in the city of New 
York. 

Mr. F. W. Evans, chairman of Group YI, embracing machinery, &c, 
reported : 

" The committee on Group YI was organized in July last, as soon as the 
action of Congress rendered it certain that the articles accepted could be 
sent. They had to select from about five hundred applications, and their 
aim has been to fill up the space allotted to them with representative 
articles for each class, paying no regard to priority of application, and 
taking care that every branch of manufacture and of industry comprised 
in this group should be represented. 

"In order to do this, the space being limited, the committee had first 
to decide on the relative amount of ground to be allotted to each class, 
and then to fill up such space with the representative articles correspond- 
ing. This part of the work required careful study, much correspondence, 
and some travel, in order to see and understand, so as to decide know- 
ingly on the merits of the articles for which space was demanded. 

"Sonie of the best articles not being forthcoming, the committee 
deemed it advisable to solicit their representation, especially when such 
exhibition would necessarily entail great expense upon the owners. 
And it is to be regretted that it was not in the power of the agency to 
furnish material aid for some of the manufacturers of expensive and 
complicated machinery, whose exhibition would confer lasting honor 
upon the mechanical skill of the country without any immediate pecu- 
niary benefit to the owners." 

Mr. W. S. Carpenter, chairman of Group YIII, embraciug animals and 
specimens of agricultural establishments, reported : 

"That, under the prohibition by the minister of the interior in France, 
in view of the danger from the prevalent cattle plague, it was found im- 
practicable to send live animals to the Exposition. The few articles 
applied for were transferred to Group YI.' 7 

In conclusion, the committee reported as follows : 

"From the preceding abstracts of the reports of the chairmen of the 
ten groups some idea may be formed of the amount of work that has 
been accomplished by your committees in the limited time at their dis- 
posal. There have been about twelve hundred applications for permis- 
sion to exhibit products. Some of them were made in the name of States, 






SELECTION OF PRODUCTS FOR EXHIBITION. 43 

and cover a large number of individuals. The number of persons di- 
rectly interested in the Exposition amounts to several thousands. 

"The money value of the articles to be exhibited cannot be stated with 
accuracy. It would be difficult to form a just estimate; but as only 
choice articles have been accepted, it can safely be put down at many 
hundred thousand dollars. 

"Many products, the exhibition of which would have proved highly 
advantageous to the country, were practically excluded for the reason 
that there was no provision for return freight. To send them to Paris 
was, in some instances, equivalent to giving them away. 

" There has been much enlightened patriotism displayed on the part 
of exhibitors. Many of them have expended large sums of money for 
the purpose of showing to the world what we can produce, and western 
railroad companies have liberally offered to carry freight for the Expo- 
sition free of charge. 

"Tour committee having been familiar with all the details of the work 
from the beginning, knowing what has been accomplished and how much 
may yet be done, are in the condition to state what further sums are 
required to maintain the credit of our country in participating in this 
world-wide enterprise. 

"To sum up these necessities, there is urgent need of an immediate 
additional appropriation of one hundred thousand dollars to save the 
property of exhibitors and to complete the work begun. 

"The enlightened citizens who have loaned their valuable works of 
art must be secured from pecuniary loss on freight and insurance; the 
expense of collecting, assorting, selecting, and labeling ores and miner- 
als, and of publishing concise statistical statements of the extent and 
value of our mineral lands, ought to be defrayed by the government, 
with additional appropriation for return freight of suites of specimens 
which institutions and individuals are willing to loan for the Exposition. 

"In the department of machinery the sum at the disposal of the 
agency is altogether inadequate ; there is an absolute necessity for mo- 
tive power in the supplementary building in the Park, or a very large 
class of exhibitors will be deprived of the opportunity of showing their 
machines in motion, and a considerable addition to the transportation 
fund is required to enable the agent to forward some of the most import- 
ant machines yet offered. 

"The fund is also inadequate for inland transportation in France and 
return of the packages to the seaport ; also for the care of them in Paris 
and the necessary services of agents and interpreters. 

"There is not sufficient money to defray the necessary expenses of the 
agent in Xew York, and it is safe to say that, but for the gratuitous aid 
received from persons not officially connected with the Exposition, and 
the meager salaries accepted by yourself and others, the work would 
have been seriously interrupted. 
. "In the original plan of organization, prepared by the secretary of 



44 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

this committee, provision was made for the appointment of ten commis- 
sioners to report the scientific results of the Exposition, and it was pro- 
posed to give each commissioner authority to employ the necessary 
assistants. They should also be authorized, as a body, to appoint a sec- 
retary to keep and preserve proper records of their proceedings and their 
correspondence, and to provide rooms at Paris for meetings and busi- 
ness, with the necessary incidental expenses. 

u Adequate, provision should also be made for the expense of collect- 
ing and exhibiting the weights and measures, and especially the coins 
of the United States, reaching back to our colonial era, to properly pre- 
pare for the international discussion invited by the French commission 
of the very important question of a common unit of money for the use 
of the civilized world. The successful establishment of a coinage of uni- 
form weight and fineness, and common to all the nations of the world, 
would annually save hundreds of thousands of dollars to the citizens of 
the United States. 

"For the necessary objects above specified, your advisory committee 
are of opinion that an expenditure of fifty thousand dollars by the pro- 
fessional commissioners will be necessary, and should be appropriated 
by Congress. 

"It should be considered, moreover, that the task which has been as- 
signed to these ten commissioners, of preparing a report or series of 
reports upon the Exposition, and upon the several departments of indus- 
try which will be represented in it, is one which, for its proper execution, 
will require a species of assistance for which no provision has been made 
in the resolutions under which they have been appointed. In order that 
such reports may subserve the purpose intended of promoting the ad- 
vancement of the arts of industry in the country, and thus contributing 
to the national wealth, they should exhibit not only the present condi- 
tion of each department, but also some sketch of its history, and some 
account of the progressive steps by which it has reached its present state 
of perfection. They will consequently require a large amount of special 
study and of correspondence or personal communication with the scien- 
tific and practical men of other countries. 

" For the intelligible presentation of the results they will require to be 
illustrated by numerous drawings and diagrams, exhibiting the construc- 
tions, apparatus, and machinery employed in the various processes which 
they describe. The purely mechanical labor of digesting the literary 
material thus collected, and of preparing the illustrations necessary, 
would be more than sufficient to occupy all the time of the commission- 
ers, were not their proper task a higher one than that of mere histori- 
ans. If their labors are to be practically useful, they must be free to 
study, discuss, and criticise the objects and processes upon which they 
report, to bring into clear relief whatever is most meritorious in each, 
and to point out the particulars in which improvement is still to be de- 
sired, and the directions in which it may be sought. They should, 



IMPORTANCE OF A SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION. 45 

therefore, be authorized and enabled to employ such artistic and profes- 
sional assistance as may relieve them of that portion of their work which 
they could only perform in person, to the great prejudice of the final 
value of their reports. 

"The necessity of providing the commissioners with such assistance 
was early perceived and pointed out by Professor Joy in a letter to your- 
self published by Congress and by the Commissioner General of the 
United States in Paris. 

• "la a communication addressed to the Secretary of State under date 
of 31st January, I860, Mr. Beckwith, with the intelligent forecast char- 
acterizing all his official communications, remarks: 'The resolutions 
presented to Congress on the 21st of December proposed appropriations 
for a scientific commission of ten members, corresponding to the ten 
groups of products. But this number, unassisted, will not be sufficient. 
It will devolve upon them not only to make the requisite studies and 
reports, but also to serve on international juries. The latter service, 
though requiring much time, will afford the best opportunities for infor- 
mation resulting from the investigations, experiments, and discussions 
of the juries. But they will not be equal to the work without assistants, 
and they can be obtained at a moderate cost. The services of scientific 
and professional assistants can be engaged, whose special studies, collo- 
quial knowledge of continental languages, familiarity with the conti- 
nental nomenclature of the sciences and industrial arts, together with 
their personal acquaintances, access to sources of information and works 
of authority and local knowledge in general, will render their services as 
assistants highly efficient. The scientific commission thus supplemented 
will be equal to the work required of it, and more useful labor can be 
accomplished in this way at less cost than in any other way.' 

"The Advisory Committee have reason to believe that the several gov- 
ernments of Europe which have resolved to participate in the Exposition 
have not been in any case unmindful of this important provision. Our 
professional and scientific commissioners cannot but deeply feel the dis- 
advantage under which they must necessarily labor, unless Congress 
shall see fit to concede to them the same aid in the execution of their 
task as will be enjoyed by their fellow-commissioners from other lands. 

"By reference to the early correspondence between the Commissioner 
General and the minister of the United States in Paris, it will be seen 
that the appropriations already made by Congress fall short by more 
than forty thousand dollars of the sum estimated by the Commissioner 
General as the very minimum necessary to secure for our country a cred- 
itable representation at the Exposition, and very much further below 
what he thought desirable. These estimates were made with a perfect 
knowledge of what other governments were doing, and could have been 
dictated solely by a patriotic desire, not only to secure to our country 
all the important advantages which may be made to flow from this great 



46 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

international comparison of industries, but also to see her honorably sus- 
taining her part in this most generous of rivalries. ■ 

"His estimates will be found in a published correspondence, in a letter 
addressed to Mr. Bigelow under date of November 22, 1865, and it will 
be seen that all the additional appropriations asked for by the under- 
signed might be made without transcending the limits assigned by him, 
and which the necessities of the case, as they have developed them- 
selves, have shown to be too low. 

"The Advisory Committee beg leave further to submit that the pro- 
vision of the joint resolution of Congress making an appropriation of a 
certain definite sum for the purpose of defraying the personal expenses 
of the ten commissioners while engaged in the discharge of their duties, 
might with propriety be modified. While these professional men may 
desire to derive mo pecuniary advantage from their connection with the 
commission, it cannot be proper or just that they should suffer positive 
pecuniary loss. Their services, if properly performed, cannot fail to be 
of material benefit to the country. If worth having, they are worth pay- 
ing for. Their terms of service, including the time occupied in going 
and returning, extend over a period of eight months. A moment's con- 
sideration is enough to show that the cost of a voyage to France, out 
and back, and the necessary expense of living 1 for such a length of time 
in a foreign capital crowded with visitors, and at prices greatly enhanced, 
are most inadequately met by the appropriation in the joint resolution. 
It would surely be more just, and far more consistent with the dignity 
of the nation, that provision should be made for the payment of the actu- 
ally necessary expenses of the ten commissioners, to be duly audited on 
proper vouchers by any appropriate officer of the government. 

"In conclusion, and in view of the preceding facts and considerations, 
we, the undersigned, are of opinion that the pecuniary means now at 
your disposal are quite inadequate to the requirements of the various 
industrial and public interests of the country. 

"We therefore respectfully recommend that you make immediate ap- 
plication to Congress for an additional appropriation, amounting in the 
aggregate to one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. 

"The total expenditure would even then fall considerably short of the 
proportionate expenditure by most of the countries represented in the 
Exposition, but it would enable the United States to maintain to a fair 
extent its just rank in this great concourse of nations." 

This report was addressed to Mr. Derby, and was signed by the chair- 
men of the admission committees of the ten groups. 

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. 

A special meeting of the Chamber of Commerce of New York was held 
on Friday, January 12,° 1866, to hear the report of the committee, con- 
sisting of Mr. Samuel B. Ruggles, Mr. Denning Duer, Mr. George Op- 



RESOLUTIONS OF THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. 47 

dyke, Mr. J. S. T. Stranahan, and Mr. Elliot C. Cowdin, in relation to the 
Universal Exposition of Industry to be held in Paris in 1807 ; President 
A. A. Low in the chair. The Hon. Samuel B. Buggies, in behalf of the 
committee, reported the following resolutions for adoption : 

"Resolved, That the Chamber of Commerce of New York have learned, 
with profound satisfaction, that the government of the United States 
has accepted the invitation of the government of France, to unite with 
the other governments of the world in .the Universal Exposition at Paris, 
in April, 1807, of the products of each ; and will confidently rely on the 
intelligence and liberality of Congress to make timely and adequate ap- 
propriations for ex, ibiting the products of the American Union on the 
proposed occasion, in such a manner and on such a scale as shall main- 
tain its just rank among the civilized nations Of the earth. 

"Resolved ', That in view of the well-considered action of the French 
government calling upon all its departmental authorities, including the 
Chamber of Commerce, boards of trade, and academies of art, to co-oper- 
ate, within the proper limits of their authority, in the enlightened design 
of fully displaying the products of France, the Chamber of Commerce of 
this the principal national city of the United States feel called upon to 
exert whatever influence they may possess with their fellow-citizens 
throughout the Union to induce them promptly to furnish to the pro- 
posed Exposition, in the most liberal manner, such specimens of their 
products of industry or art as may elevate our national character ; and 
to secure more effectually this object, they do now invite appropriate 
action on the part of the other chambers of commerce and boards of 
trade of our country. 

"Resolved, That it be referred to a committee of five members of this 
chamber, to invite the attention of the chambers of commerce and boards 
of trade in the different cities of the United States to the peculiar na- 
tional importance, both political and financial, of the proposed Exposi- 
tion, in exhibiting to the governments and the peoples of Europe the 
natural and industrial resources of the American Union, now happily 
restored in its full constitutional authority." 

Mr. Ruggles supported the resolutions with eloquent and appropriate 
remarks, after which Mr. Cowdin addressed the chamber on the subject. 

The resolutions were unanimously adopted, and the committee author- 
ized to forward them to Congress, and also to the various chambers of 
commerce and boards of trade throughout the country. 

EFFORTS TO OBTAIN EXTENSION OF TIME. 

Mr. Beclcicith to Mr. Seivard. 

"Paris, January 25, 18GG. 
" I beg to acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 30th December, 
advising reception of my communication of the 15th, and to thank you 
for the attention it had received. 



48 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

" I think you will desire to be informed exactly of our relations to the 
Imperial Commission in regard to the extension of time, and I take leave 
to annex hereto copy of my letter to Mr. Derby of the 24th instant, which 
contains at once a statement of the situation and my advices to him in 
conformity therewith, for his guidance." 

Mr. Beckwith to Mr. Derby. 

" Paris, January 24, 1866. 

"Dear Sir : I am favored with your letter of the 5th instant, No. 15, 
and am gratified and encouraged by the good spirits in which you write. 

"The action of the Chamber of Commerce will undoubtedly receive the 
favorable consideration of Congress, and if followed immediately by the 
concurrent action of other chambers, the movement will have still more 
weight. 

"The decision of Congress is vital, and if the Exposition is worthy of 
their attention, it deserves immediate attention, before it is too late. 

"My letter of the 23d of December, No. 31, will have relieved you, I 
trust, from immediate anxiety in regard to time for filling up classes, 
and enabled you to go on with the work without interruption. 

■it j regret that I cannot make the extension of time definite and name 
the utmost limit that can be obtained. 

" But I feel no hesitation in suggesting that it will not exceed three 
months from the 31st instant, and this is more than I think the Imperial 
Commission would now consent to. 

"You should not, therefore, undertake anything on a scale which can. 
not be brought to maturity so as to enable you to complete the list and 
catalogue within this time. 

" We must bear in mind that near ten months have elapsed since the 
proposal of the French government was communicated to the cabinet at 
Washington, that Congress assembled early in December, that the French 
government has not yet been informed that the United States will take 
part in the Exposition, and that we are not yet authorized to make defin- 
itive engagements with the Imperial Commission. 

" The embarrassments resulting from this delay are not mitigated by 
their being unavoidable. We are, therefore, not in a favorable situation 
for asking the Imperial Commission to put themselves to further incon- 
venience. We should be able, first, to report to them the favorable action 
of Congress, which would carry the assurance that the changes we ask 
them to make would not be made in vain. 

" Neither is it expedient for us to move in this prematurely, and pre- 
sent to the Imperial Commission occasion to act under circumstances so 
unfavorable to us as to be likely to result in giving us less time than we 
may expect at a later period. 

" The date when the second report will be due (31st instant) has not 
yet arrived. Previous to that the Imperial Commission cannot act on 
its own impulse. It is therefore safe to wait and leave the initiative to 






EFFORTS TO OBTAIN EXTENSION OF TIME. 49 

them, and, as they know our situation and are disposed to favor us, they 
will not move in the matter till they are obliged to. When they call on 
us to report I will respond and make the best terms I can for time ; but 
before this event occurs I fully expect the action of Congress will change 
the situation and make it more favorable. 

" The Imperial Commission is well disposed to aid us in regard to time 
* as much as it can,' and I observe that ' it can > a little more, if we help 
them to help us, by leaving to them for the present the difficulty of pre- 
venting us from helpiug ourselves. 

" I have fully explained the situation to Mr. Bigelow, and we are of 
one opinion on the subject. 

" I have also discussed it with M. Le Play, and have informed him 
that I shall at present leave the initiative to him, but that we cannot 
afford to cut the work short at this stage and spoil it, and must assume 
that as much time as possible will ultimately be granted. 

"His replies are made under the reserves which comport with his rela- 
tious to the Imperial Commission, but he appreciates the situation, and 
is satisfied with the course which, for the present, I propose, and this 
leaves me no uneasiness on the subject. 

" Be assured that I shall obtain as much time as can be obtained, 
which, I think, will in no case exceed three months, and shall, in so 
doing, preserve a good understanding with the Imperial Commission, 
which is all that the situation requires — at all events, all that it admits of. 

" The time we have lost cannot be recovered nor wholly made up from 
the future, and we shall suffer some inconvenience from it. 

" The gentlemen you name as having come to your aid will be of great 
service to you, and I am happy to learn that they are willing to lend 
their influence and co-operation. 

" The estimates of cost of a suitable building in the Park, returned to 
me, were so unsatisfactory that I abandoned the idea of producing them 
as a basis for appropriations. 

" I subsequently obtained estimates from the architects of the Palace, 
who compute the cost of what we shall require at about five dollars per 
square yard of ground covered by a buildiDg, and I have reported this 
estimate to the Department of State." 

Mr. Beckwitli to Mr. Seivard. 

" Paris, April 29, 1866. 
" Sib : The Imperial Commission has thus far assented to the delays 
I have been obliged to ask for, which it was possible to grant, without 
arresting the progress of some portion of the works in the Champ de 
Mars. 

###### 

"It is necessary to the progress of the works in the Champ de Mars 
that we should now decide and agree definitively to occupy the ground 
reserved for us or relinquish it, that it may be prepared for other uses. 
4 p E 



50 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

" The annexed letter on the subject, addressed to me by the Imperial 
Commission, sets forth fully the situation of the Park business, and indi- 
cates the necessity of an early decision. The letter is accompanied by a 
plan showing the ground reserved. 

" I have, therefore, asked for the further delay requisite to make this 
communication, and that I may be exactly informed on the subject before 
surrendering the ground, if it be not possible to retain it.' r 

" Paris, June 1, 1866. 

" I annex hereto a letter from the Imperial Commission. * * * It 
sets forth very clearly the progress and present situation of the prelimi- 
nary work for the Exposition, and the necessity for proceeding on our 
part, and fixes the 30th of June for the delayed reports due from us. 

u I am not without hope that the action of Congress will have enabled 
Mr. Derby to proceed, and that he will be able to close up and send in 
his report by the time named." 

M. Le Play to Mr. Beclcwith. 1 

u Paris, May 26, 1866. 

"I have the honor to remind you that, in accordance with article seven 
of the general regulations, the foreign committees are requested to furnish 
a plan of places to the scale of 0.002 of a metre, indicating by group and 
class the space assigned to each exhibitor, with the exhibitor's name, pre- 
vious to the 31st of January, 1866. 

" It is now four months since the expiration of the time, and the Im- 
perial Commission, not having received that document, needs the infor- 
mation, in order to complete the construction of the general plan. 

"The Imperial Commission leaves the foreign commissions free to 
arrange their articles as they please, within the space allotted to them, 
provided the principles of general classification are regarded; but cer- 
tain measures must be considered together, by comparing the plans of 
the different states, and settled jointly, for the following reasons : 

u Each nation, as you know, is separated from its neighbors, on one 
side by a partition put up by joint expense, and on the other by a passage- 
way. In regard to this partition, the architects wish to make a certain 
number of doors in it, to afford a free circulation. The Imperial Com- 
mission offers its kind mediation to arrange this communication between 
neighboring states; but this cannot be effected without an exact knowl- 
edge of the mode of location adopted by each party, and this informa- 
tion is indispensable, in order to agree upon the height of the partition, 
the position and dimensions of the screens, &c. 

" Along the passage-ways separating two joining nations the different 
commissions intend to erect ornamental fronts of a national style of 
architecture. Two opposite fronts, though differing essentially in their 



1 Translation. 






APPORTIONMENT OF SPACE. 51 

general appearance, must have a similarity of construction, which can- 
not be determined upon without seeing the plans. 

" I have the honor to inform you that the Imperial Commission has 
appropriated the seventh gallery for particular public purposes, as post 
and telegraph offices, police station, fire-engine, talking-room, water- 
closet, dressing-room, &c. The commission is now ready to begin this 
work, but must first know the plans of exhibitors near the locality. 

" The eating-rooms and such places in the foreign department are to 
be constructed by national workmen appointed by the different commis- 
sions; but, incase it is neglected, the Imperial Commission will have 
the work done by Frenchmen ; it is, therefore, absolutely necessary to 
have the plans and specifications to complete the work of this branch. 

" Section seventh of the gallery, lighted at night and open to the pub- 
lic, must be separated from the Palace, which will be closed at sunset. 
The Imperial Commission is now arranging this department, and, as it 
wishes to pay due deference to the plans of the foreign commissions, the 
construction of that portion of the edifice will be put off till the 30th 
of June, hoping to get the necessary information by that time. 

" The buildings in the Chanrp de Mars are advancing, and in two 
months a large part of the Palace will be done. Exhibitors should take 
possession as soon as possible. 

u I have already mentioned that it is desirable that foreigners should 
have their show-cases made at home, so that everything may accord in 
nationality; yet everything of the kind can be made here, by French- 
men, if exhibitors prefer it. As the opening of the Exposition ap- 
proaches, workmen will become more scarce, and they will raise their 
prices for labor ; so it is better to have everything done at once. A 
strike among the workmen might, moreover, cause some delay toward 
the last. 

" For these many reasons, I beg you to forward to me the plans for 
the United States by the 30th of June. Of course a modification of the 
plans can be subsequently made. Send me also a plan of the houses to 
be erected in the Park, and the trees to be planted by the United States 
Commission in the allotted space, as announced on the 25th of April 
last." 

RE-TRANSFER TO PARIS OF THE LABOR OF APPORTIONMENT OF SPACE. 

Mr. Beckivitli to Mr. Derby. 

"Paris, October 11, 1866. 

"I beg to acknowledge receipt of your favors of the 22d, 24th, and 
25th ; Nos. 45, 46, 47, 48, and 50. No. 49 has not been received. ' 

"I have also received the lists of applicants in the different classes of 
Groups II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X, and the supplementary 
lists of applicants and withdrawals, named in the above correspondence. 

" I will reply more fully to your letters herein acknowledged in a short 



52 PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

time. I cannot express my surprise and my embarrassment arising from 
the incompleteness of these reports. 

"With the exception of the Palace portion of Group VI, which is well 
formed, nothing definitive has been done. 

"In my letter, No. 114, I referred back to your committee the work of 
completing the formation of Group VI, in the annex. 

"I beg now to cancel that reference, as it is impossible to wait for the 
work to be done on your side. 

"All the other Palace groups are equally unformed, and there is now 
no possibility of avoiding a complete failure of our exhibition but for me 
to undertake the formation of the groups myself. 

"I shall have to estimate the space for each product, place it, allot 
the space to applicants, make the plans for structures, in that conform- 
ity, from the catalogues which must be an exact index of this, and report 
them to the Imperial Commission for the great catalogue which is now 
printing and will be a finality, and then proceed to construct the installa- 
tion to correspond with these arrangements. 

" To do this, I have procured the best aid I can obtain, and we are 
engaged upon the work day and night. 

"The applications will not fill some of the groups; in others they will 
be greatly in excess of the space. 

" Those for Group VI far exceed the ground and the money, both on 
your side and on this side, and must be greatly reduced. 

"As soon as it is possible I will send you a list of the products to be 
received, and a separate list of those which cannot be received, and re- 
quest you to advise both parties of applicants in that conformity. 

"This will be definitive, as the catalogues will be printed, and the 
works constructed, to correspond with this distribution. 

"I make these observations with the utmost reluctance. I am con- 
vinced of your attention, and zeal, and earnestness, and I know you have 
had difficulties. 

" But the work thus thrown upon me forces me to undertake it myself, 
and accomplish it as I best may, which requires an explanation of what 
I am doing.; or to abandon the Exposition, which would be a dereliction 
of duty that is impossible." 

Mr. Beckwitli to Mr. Seward. 

"Paris, October 11, 1866. 

"Sir: I am under the necessity of reporting to the department the 
present state of the Exposition. 

"Ttie work of receiving applications, allotting space to applicants, and 
making plans and catalogues in conformity, upon which the necessary 
structures to receive the products could be made in advance of their 
arrival, was committed to Mr. Derby about twelve months since, and he 
was recommended to form a suitable committee to advise and assist him. 






APPORTIONMENT OF SPACE. 53 

"Mr. Derby reported iii due coarse that he had formed a board of able 
assistants, and would proceed with the work as rapidly as possible. 

"The inaction of Congress caused delays, and I obtained correspond- 
ing- extensions of time, which were protracted to the last moment com- 
patible Avith the possible execution of the preliminary work on this side. 

"I have now received from Mr. Derby the reports of what has been 
done ; but with the exception of the formation of a part of Group VI, 
nothing definitive has been done. 

"There have been no allotments of space to exhibitors in any of the 
other groups ; the products have not been placed in them, the space they 
will occupy has not been ascertained, consequently there are no plans 
of the structures required, nor any catalogues, forming the index to this 
work, to be reported to the Imperial Commission. 

"A portion of Group YI, in the Palace, has been formed, and it is well 
done. But the other seven or eight groups are un attempted ; the ground 
is vacant, and presents only imaginary sketches of pro forma plans, sim- 
ilar to those which were sent from this as models nearly a year since. 

"In place of all this work I have received nothing but lists of appli- 
cants, and of their products, copied from their applications, and arranged 
in classes. 

"But the space these products will occupy is unknown; the space re- 
quired by the applicants is not named ; and with the exception of Group 
VI, the applications themselves have not been sent — nothing but the 
brief lists of names and products, as above stated. 

"I have neither allotments, plans, nor catalogues, nor the elements of 
which to make them in a proper manner. 

"The Imperial Commission is now printing the great catalogue, and 
pressing for mine, which has been promised, but I have none to report, 
and the structures must soon be begun or they cannot be made. 

"There remains but one possible way of avoiding a complete failure 
of our exhibition. 

"I must undertake myself to estimate the space each product will 
occupy, with the allotments of ground to applicants, form the plans of 
structures to correspond, compose the catalogues in this conformity, and 
report them to the Imperial Commission for publication, and proceed to 
make the necessary structures, as I best may, on the slender informa- 
tion above described. 

"I have not any doubt that it is my duty in this emergency to adopt 
this course, for no other but failure is possible ; and having solicited the 
aid of the most capable persons within reach, we are now engaged upon 
it day and night, and shall be able to report it in a few days to Mr. 
Derby for his guidance in advising applicants of the result of their appli- 
cations, and in collecting and forwarding the products. 

"Some of the groups will not be quite tilled, but in others the applica- 
tions are greatly in excess of the space or of the provisions of Congress 
for the expenses, and large numbers will be excluded. 



54 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

"This I am most desirous of avoiding-, because it will give disappoint- 
ment and dissatisfaction to applicants, but it is not possible to avoid it. 

"It is not in my power to make this brief and accurate statement of 
the situation without appearing to reflect on the work of Mr. Derby. 

" But that is not my desire; on the contrary, I am convinced of his 
attention, his zeal, and liis earnestness, and that his failure in completing 
the work placed in his hands is owing to his inability to obtain the re- 
quisite assistance, from some cause which he can probably explain, but 
which is unknown to me. M 

NECESSITY OF EARLY INSTALLATION OF MACHINES. 

Mr* Bechwitk to Mr. Derby. 

"Taris, November 4, 1806. 

" I beg now to recall your attention particularly to the documents 
accompanying my letter of the 24th of June, published by you, page 
45, [Third supplemental circular,] article 18, as follows: 

ut Between the 1st and 14th of April each class jury of Groups II, 
III, IY, V, YI, and X will examine the products and class the exhib- 
itors deserving prizes, without distinction of nationalities/ 

" This important work will be completed within the first fourteen days 
alter the opening of the Exposition, and the reports thus made will 
form the basis on which the awards will be made. 

" The time allowed appears, at first sight, short, but there will be 
sixty-eight separate juries, which is one jury on each class in these 
groups, and they will work separately and simultaneously. 

" The labor being thus divided, the time will be ample. 

" My object at present is to remind you that we have designated be- 
tween sixty and seventy machines to be installed and put in motion in 
Group YI ; and if this labor be not completed, and the machines in full 
and perfect action at the opening on the 1st of April, they will lose 
their chance of favorable reports from the juries, and consequently of 
the awards which their qualities, displayed in action, might command. 

" Machinists will appreciate the labor which is requisite to place and 
adjust in good working order so many machines, and that this cannot 
be done but by the concurrence of many persons within the time that 
remains for it. 

"I have already stated to you in previous letters the defects in the 
information required for foundations which should be laid before the 
frosts set in, and have only to repeat my hopes that the necessary infor- 
mation will arrive in time. 

" I wish now to repeat also, and it should be made known to the 
owners of each of the machines, that no preparation can be made in 
advance for the transmission of steam by separate steam pipes, nor of 
force from the main shafts to the respective machines. 



THE SUPPLY OF MOTIVE POWER. 55 

" These transmissions and the structures they may require will be at 
the expense of the owners of the machines respectively. 

" The machines to be operated should, therefore, be sent forward as 
early as possible, and the machinist who is to set up and work the ma- 
chines, or each machine, should come with it, prepared to complete the 
work at once, and to defray the expenses each of the machines may 
require. 

" If the owners of the machines do not respond with alacrity to this 
request there will be lamentable defects in this department at the open- 
ing, and it is the department in which our strength lies — where we shall 
be successful, if anywhere. 

" If any of the parties whose machines have bee*i designated for action 
are not prepared to do the needful in,good time, I beg to be notified of 
this at once that other machines may be substituted, if possible. 

" I will thank you to communicate the substance of this letter to each 
of the parties interested as early as possible. 

" I have already been notified informally that a portion of Group TI 
will be delivered to me in a few days, on which I can commence work, 
and I expect shortly the delivery in form. n 

3IOTIYE PO¥EE. 

Mr. Beckwith to Mr. Derby. 

Ci So. 14.] " Pauls, Xovember 8, 1865. 

" Dear Sir : Class So. 52, in Group VI, comprises machines and 
apparatuses suited to the nses of the Exposition. 

" The plan of the special committee to which the most of this work is 
assigned is to supply motive power to the Exposition, as far as practica- 
ble, by using the machines exhibited. 

" The arrangements for steam power are as follows : 

"The machines and apparatuses to be moved by steam power belong 
to Classes 47 to GG, Group VI, and will occupy the great gallery (hall) 
forming the outer circle but one of the Palace. 

" The furnaces and generators will be placed in the Park, outside the 
walls of the Palace, in a circular line, parallel with the wall, but at equal 
distances from each other, to correspond with the different localities 
within the Palace requiring steam. 

u This service will be divided into fourteen sections, organized and 
worked separately. 

" The force will be transmitted to shafts in gallery Xo. G ; the shafts 
will extend in polygonal lines, yielding to the curve of the gallery, and 
transmitting the force to various machines to be moved. 

u It is proposed by the commission to supply requisite motive power 
by letting the work in sections to contractors aforfait, (by the job ) 

"The annexed document in lithograph presents the conditions and 
bases on which the commission invites the offers of contractors, and 



56 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

they engage to give a preference to the contractors belonging to the na- 
tionality to which the contract may apply. 

" It may be doubtful if any of our good engineers happen to be famil- 
iar enough with the elements of such a contract, such as the cost of 
material, fuel, labor, living, &c, in Paris, to enable them to make safe 
estimates and offers; and equally doubtful whether their present employ- 
ment is not more remunerative than any they would be likely to obtain 
here, in competition with lower wages, permanent residence, and better 
knowledge of the situation. But there may be those who may be able 
to see their interest in it, and, in conformity with the inventors of the 
plan, and the wishes of the committee, I submit the matter to your con- 
sideration.' 7 

" No. 39.] " Paris, January 16, 1866. 

" I had the pleasure to address you this morning, and have received 
this evening your favors of the 22d of December, No. 10, and of the 
23d December, Nos. 11 and 12. 

" No. 10 relates to the efficient measures you propose for disseminating 
the information therein alluded to, and refers to the difficulty of engi- 
neers in offering to supply motive power for machinery in the absence of 
specific information regarding the price of labor, fuel, board, and other 
elements of cost. 

u I had foreseen this difficulty, but not the means of obviating it. 

" I have sent' you all the documents and all the information on this 
subject provided by the engineering department. They consider it in 
the province of contractors themselves to make the investigations 
on which their offers must be based. It is an object with the depart- 
ment, in adopting the contract method, to divest itself of the labor and 
responsibility of the estimates and of the fluctuations of market prices 
which fall to the side of the undertaker. 

" 1 will make further inquiries in other quarters, being desirous of 
having the motive force supplied by our own engineers, but I have not 
much expectation of being successful in the inquiries because the sub- 
ject requires the investigation of a practiced engineer, whose researches 
can be relied upon as the basis of contract. 

u I have no authority to employ an engineer for this purpose. Indeed, 
the first step of a contractor should be to make or provide the means 
of such investigation for himself, as that is a part of the labor and 
expense intended to be thrown on him and is implied in his contract. 

" The general disposition of the apparatus for the motive force you 
will find, I trust, sufficiently indicated in the cahiers I sent you, and as 
the American section will be operated by itself you will have in your 
own hands the elements for computing the aggregate force required, 
the velocities, &c, for it is upon the elements to be supplied by you that 
the Imperial Commission itself would have to make those estimates. 



THE SUPPLY OF MOTIVE POWER. 57 

"No. 41.] Paris, January 22, 18G6. 

" Referring* to my letter of the 16tli instant, No. 39, I have not been 
able to obtain the information requisite as to the cost of materials, &c, 
on which a contract could be safely made for the supply of motive 
power in Group No. Yl. But I have made an (verbal) understanding 
with the chef de service in the engineering department, by which he 
agrees to pay an American contractor the average price paid to French 
contractors for similar work. 

u This is the only basis for a contract which I can give you, and, from 
the nature of the case, I imagine that this method will be followed by 
other nations who may wish to have their own engineers employed, but 
who will have the same difficulties in obtaining local information as to 
cost of elements. 

"If, therefore, you can arrange with a respectable and responsible 
party, in whom you have confidence, who wishes to exhibit his machinery, 
and is desirous of working it for the supply of motive power on the 
terms above named, please do so. 

"The arrangement on your part will be provisional, and you will 
transfer the contractor to the Imperial Commission to complete his con- 
tract. He will be their employe, and under their orders, and will receive 
his pay from them, but you can assure him the contract upon the basis 
above named. 

" The nature of the service to be performed, the apparatus to be sup- 
plied, the structures to be made at his expense, the hours of work, the 
prolongation or abridgment of time, and all the general conditions and 
regulations applicable to the contract, and binding upon both parties, 
are set forth in the document accompanying my letter No. 14, of Novem- 
ber 8th, p. 55, with all which conditions the contractor should first 
make himself acquainted. 

" You will be able also to inform him pretty nearly as to the amount 
of motive power you will require. This is of moment because the out- 
lay and preparatory expenses of the contractor will be as much nearly 
for the supply of a small force as for a larger one, while the pay will be 
in proportion to force. If, for examine, you want thirty horse-power, 
and the price is $100 per horse for the season, (which perhaps is not a 
bad guess as to probable offers,) the contract money would amount to 
$3,000, and for sixty horse it would be $6,000, while no such increase of 
cost in fixtures or structures would occur. It is also for the contractor 
to consider that he must arrive in advance, complete his contract, and 
see that he has his apparatus in order for work in time ; the days get 
short and weather bad, and work expensive late in the season. I should 
think October would be as late as it would do to arrive here and com- 
mence the placing of apparatus. 

" I have only to add to these observations that the Imperial Commis- 
sion is now engaged in making contracts, and is desirous of being 
informed, as early as convenient, whether or not you will provide a con- 



58 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

tractor, and I have informed the commission that, I think, within a 
fortnight after yon receive this letter you will be able to satisfy yourself 
on the subject, and will advise us in conformity." 

Mr. Beckwitli to Mr. Seward. 

u Paris, MayG, 1860. 

" Sir : I had the honor to address you on the 29th April, transmitting 
a letter from the Imperial Commission on the subject of the ground 
which we propose to occupy in the Park. 

" I now transmit another letter from the Imperial Commission on the 
subject of motive force, dated the 3d instant, and received this morning. 

" I beg to state briefly that the method adopted for supplying force 
for machinery is by separate contracts for each national section. 

"Each nation may employ its own engines and engineers, and, for the 
force thus furnished, six hundred francs per horse-power will be paid by 
the Imperial Commission, or the nations may decline furnishing the force 
they require, and leave it to the Imperial Commission. 

" An excellent opportunity is thus presented without expense to the 
exhibitor to display the qualities and results of his engine-boilers and 
apparatus. 

" I transmitted to Mr. Derby early in November the general plan and 
conditions, (which have been printed and published in the United States,) 
and desired him to advise me in due time whether or not he would fur- 
nish a contractor for the motive force, and if not, to inform me of the 
amount of force he would require, that I might request the Imperial 
Commission to supply it. 

" On the 8th April, at the request of the Imperial Commission, I ap- 
plied to Mr. Derby again, informing him of the necessity of immediate 
decision. 

" But owing, I doubt not, to the delays in Congress, Mr. Derby has 
not been able to arrive at any decision, and I am without information 
on the subject. 

" The Imperial Commission now calls on me (in the annexed letter) to 
enter into a contract with them to furnish the motive force which we 
may require, or to decline it definitely, and, in so doing, inform them 
what amount of force we will need, that they may contract for it, and 
proceed to construct the necessary works. They remark, also, that if 
I cannot comply with either of these demands, the works in general 
must not the less go on, and they cannot be responsible after the pres- 
ent notice for the inconveniences which may result to us from further 
delay in this department. 

" I have concluded not to reply to this letter until the last moment 
which M. Le Play will concede to me, and if advices do not arrive to 
relieve me from the embarrassment, I must then surrender the privilege 
of our exhibitors to furnish their own motive force, and request the 
Imperial Commission to supply it. 



i 



THE SUPPLY OF MOTIVE POWER. 59 

" This is the only course that appears open to me, but it is not likely 
to result very satisfactorily. I must assume the amount of force we 
shall need. If I fix it too high, and the Imperial Commission make the 
contract in conformity, and commence the construction of furnace, 
chimney, steam-pipes, &c, for a larger force than we shall need, they 
will have to compromise subsequently with the contractor, or pay him 
for wasted force, and in either case they will suffer some loss which they 
will probably ask me to pay. If, on the other hand, I fix the amount 
too low, we shall be without the requisite force. 

" I feel bound to acknowledge in this connection the continued dispo- 
sition of the Imperial Commission to yield all the delay that is possible. 
But we are now on the fourth month of delay, at our own special request, 
and I am aware that the works on the Champ de Mars have reached a 
stage which requires the question of force to be settled. 

a It is also evident that similar questions will continue to arise in 
pretty rapid succession which will not admit of further delay." 

M. Le Play to Mr. Beck with. 1 

« Paris, May 3, 1866. 

" Monsieur le Coiudiissaire : The Imperial Commission has recently 
settled the details of the organization of the mechanical service ; they 
have approved the contracts made with the furnishers of force, and the 
general dispositions for the transmission of tlie force. 

'• It is, therefore, indispensable that, without loss of time, the com- 
mittee of the United States of America proceed to a similar work, 
which the information contained in this letter will enable you promptly 
to complete. 

" You have already learned, from reading the third instruction, (of 
which I send herewith another copy,) that the general transmission is 
made by two [parallel] shafts, distant from each other 4 m .71, elevated 
4 m .36 above the ground, and communicating movement to each other. 
The shafts are m .29 in diameter, forming polygons of which the sides 
are 13 m .8 in mean length, producing an angle between them of about 
5°. The revolutions for the French section will be one hundred per 
minute, but the American section having no connection of movement 
with neighboring sections, you can choose yourself, according to your 
wants, the velocity which seems to you most advantageous. 

" I pray you only to recollect, in determining the velocity, the fact 
that the general arrangement will not admit of poulies (wheels on the 
shafts) of more than l m .00 in diameter. 

" This general transmission thus suspended is very expensive, costing 
not less than six hundred and fifty francs the running metre. It is, 
therefore, of great importance to reduce the length of the shafts as much 
as possible. In the French section the movement is supplied to about 

1 Translation. 



60 PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

one-third the length of the Gallery VI. It is confined to certain local- 
ities, leaving others without motive force; and finally, in regard to 
certain localities which require but feeble force, we have provided it, not 
by transmission direct from the main shafts, but by one of the three 
following methods : 

" 1. By special motor. 

u 2. By a small secondary shaft in rear. 

" 3. By a shaft under ground. 

" I hope the Commission of the United States will adopt the same 
principle to regulate the installation of their machines. 

" Not having yet received definitive advices of the arrangements they 
intend to adopt, and being unable to wait for full advices before ordering 
the supports and shafts of which the execution requires a great deal of 
time, I think it necessary to fix upon a plan of placing them analogous 
to that adopted in the French Section. 

" The plan hitherto annexed indicates the position of the shafts (on 
this hypothesis) in your section. 

M The transmissions will occupy a travee of 14 m .OO, and will have thus a 
double length of shaft, say 28 m .00. It would seem that this should be 
sufficient for your wants ; if not, or if you wish to substitute the travee 
indicated by another, which you find more convenient for your installa- 
tions, or, finally, if you think you will not have need of this length, I 
pray you to inform me immediately, in order that I may consider it while 
there is yet time. 

a If any apparatus which ought to move be placed outside of this 
travee, it will receive its force from one of the three methods above named, 
which you can choose and apply in each particular case. 

" A platform, supported independently of the transmissions, 4 m .00 in 
breadth and 5 m .15 in height, will extend continuously (except, perhaps, 
across the great entries) the whole length of Gallery VI, (des arts usuels.) 

u This will serve as a promenade for visitors, who will find in the 
salons garages (enlarged spaces with seats) in the middle of each sec- 
tor a place of rest, where they can sit and enjoy the spectacle of mechan- 
ical activity displayed at their feet. Certain exhibitors of objects of 
great height, which occupy two stories, expect to derive great benefit 
from this platform by carrying a passage from it to their second story. 
I allude particularly to some exhibitors of agricultural machines, sugar 
apparatus, light-houses, organs, &c. Similar arrangements might be 
adopted in your section, which would render its appearance more im- 
pressive. 

u It will be indispensable to regard the supports of the platform in 
placing your apparatus. 

" The general plan herewith indicates exactly the places of the sup- 
ports. 

u These arrangements being well defined, it remains to consider those 
which belong to the furnishing of the motive force. 



THE SUPPLY OF MOTIVE POWER. 61 

"All the contracts that have been made with French undertakers for 
our French Section have been made on the basis of six hundred francs per 
effective horse-power, measured on the shaft. This sum serves equally 
for base in our contracts with England and Belgium, and the same should 
be adopted by you, if, in conformity with my preceding communications, 
you have organized yourselves your mechanical service with contractors 
of your country. This sum includes also the furnishing and placing 
completely of the furnace, boiler, engine, transmission, construction of 
the building for the boilers and furnace, the chimney, the steam-pipes, 
and the passage in which the pipe is laid, the combustibles, and the per- 
sons required for the apparatus. It is also understood that all these 
materials remain the property of the contractor after the exhibition 

" I send you herewith a form of contract which indicates the principal 
conditions of these agreements made directly between the Imperial Com- 
mission and the foreign commissioners themselves, and not with those 
of their countrymen whom they choose for contractors. 

" This pro forma contract presents some blanks which should be filled 
up, and of which the most important relates to the motive force, and 
consequently to the amount to be paid by the Imperial Commission for 
the force. 

" My previous communications on the subject of the mechanical force 
necessary to your section having remained thus far without response, I 
cannot fill up the blanks, and I renew my entreaty to be informed the 
most promptly what is possible in this respect. This force once fixed 
as exactly as possible, will indicate the sum to be paid, by multiply- 
ing the number of horse-power by six hundred francs. But the sum 
thus calculated will be the maximum, and subject to proportional reduc- 
tions, if by dynamometric observations the power actually furnished be 
less than the amouut named as a basis of calculation. 

" To aid you in completing the organization of your mechanical force, 
I hope to be able to place at your disposal some machines, portable 
or fixed, exhibited by French contractors, but on condition that you 
inform me as soon as possible what machines you may have need of. 

" Finally, (and if you have any objections to make I shall be obliged 
if you will make them at latest before the loth instant,) your section 
will comprise arrangements for the general transmission of force, to the 
extent of fourteen metres in length, corresponding to double that length 
of shaft. 

u It is desirable, in conformity with the example of Belgium and Eng- 
land, that the United States should agree with the Imperial Commission 
to furnish the motive force necessary to their section, reserving to them- 
selves to come to an understanding with their own national contractors 
afterward. Thus, as I have explained to you in my various communica- 
tions relative to this object, the Imperial Commission thinks that all 
considerations unite in favor of making this method general ; in this 
case there will be occasion for a contract analogous to the outline of 
agreement which I send you. 



62 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

"If, on the contrary, the Commissioner of the United States does not 
think himself able to agree to this, it will be indispensable for him to 
advise me immediately, and to indicate the motive force that will be re- 
quired to enable me to proceed in his place to prepare the necessary 
mechanical constructions in his section. The French contractors are 
about to commence the construction in the Champ de Mars of their 
buildings for furnaces and boilers, passages for steam pipes, &c. A 
longer delay in deciding for your section will tend to compromise the 
work that is requisite for it, and the Imperial Commission must decline 
the responsibility from this time for the consequences which further 
delay may entail. 

" In the expectation of a prompt response to my communication, I 
pray you, Monsieur le Commissaire, to accept the assurance of my dis- 
tinguished consideration." 

Mr. Beckwith to Mr. Seward, 

"Paris, November 27, 1866. 

" Sir : It is my desire and effort to occupy the attention of the Depart- 
ment as little as possible with details, but some of them should be brought 
to your notice in passing, that they may be understood. 

u ti^ regulations and formalities by which the Imperial Commission 
conduct their work are applicable to all nations alike, and we must con- 
form to them, or we cannot proceed. The more we show a disposition to 
reconsider what has been done and go back to change it, or propose 
methods which we may think better, but which are not in accord with 
their methods, the more we come in conflict and embarrass the work. 

" To avoid this result at this late date is of great importance, and in 
the endeavor to do this I have several times of late been obliged to place 
myself in apparent opposition to the proposals from New York, even 
when I should cordially agree with the object, if it were practicable in 
the way proposed. This pressure arises from particular interests, which 
might have been more fully accommodated at an earlier period if they 
had come forward, but which it is now more difficult to satisfy. 

" The contract for motive force was kept open, at my request, until it 
became so embarrassing to the Imperial Commission that they notified 
me I must close it, or sign a contract which they sent me, agreeing to 
supply the force myself and commence at once the structures. Being 
unable to comply with this request or to present a contractor acceptable 
to the Imperial Commission, I abandoned the attempt, and called on 
them, on the 13th of July, to provide the requisite force, in conformity 
with the general regulations, of which I duly notified Mr. Derby and the 
department. 

"Mr. Derby writes on this subject, on the 9th November, < that there 
is much feeling, among those interested in machinery, about motive force 
in our section, and they think we ought to have had our own engine and 
engineer.' 



CONTRACTS FOR MOTIVE POWER. 63 

" To this I replied as follows: ' That is precisely my feeling; I agree 
with them ; aud when that contract on fair terms was presented month 
after month, without takers, and I was persuading the Imperial Com- 
mission time after time to keep it open, and still nobody offered, I was 
disappointed. The result of this delay was that the works went on, and 
when I was called on finally to close up I was obliged to pay a consider- 
able sum extra to get the power yon required, because the preliminary 
work was too feeble in structure and had to be done over; and, as this 
was owing to our delay, I was compelled to yield or go without the force. 
I surrendered this business from necessity, with a feeling of disappoint- 
ment and chagrin ; and I might use a stronger expression, for I fully 
believed our people would take that contract freely, and relied on it, and 
suffered for my mistake. Therefore I have no more to say on that sub- 
ject but this : feelings which are not strong enough to lead to action are 
of no value ; if our machinists feel sufficient interest in it to buy out the 
contractor, they can do so, and if not, not.' 

" Mr. Derby writes again, on the 13th instant, as follows: l If you will 
propose to the French contractor for the motive power of the American 
Section that we will furnish our own power at our own expense, and at 
the same time allow him to draw his contract money from the Imperial 
Commission just as if he furnished it according to contract, the money 
will be supplied by parties here for furnishing this power, as it is con- 
sidered of the greatest importance, not only by exhibitors but' by lead- 
ing men in this country, that this power should be furnished by an 
American contractor, and that an American engine and boiler should 
be used for that purpose. If the French contractor has already con- 
structed buildings for boilers, &c, and put up the shaftings or supports 
for it, these can be used by the American contractor. If he has not, we 
will furnish them from this side ; i. e., at our expense. As I have hereto- 
fore advised you, there is much feeling here upon this subject — which will 
not be diminished when the Exposition opens to the view of Americans 
in Paris — of American machinery propelled by a French engine and 
French engineer.' 

" To this I have replied by this day's mail as follows : i Eeferring to 
the remarks of your letter Xo. 78 relative to motive force, the subject will 
perhaps be made clearer by restating the conditions. It is incumbent 
on the Imperial Commission to furnish motive force, and they retain 
the entire control of the force. They proposed to accept a contractor 
for our section, presented by us, provided the contractor would accept 
of their terms, by which he would become responsible to them, receive 
his pay from them, and be entirely under their control. By that arrange- 
ment we would continue to look to the Imperial Commission for force, 
as if we had not presented the contractor ; they would take the risk of 
the contract, and if the machine broke down or any other accident dis- 
abled it, the Imperial Commission would be bound to supply its place to 
us at their expense, they settling with the contractor. The same condi- 



64 PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

tions exist, whether the contractor be presented by us or not. These 
are not our terms, but those of the Imperial Commission, and they are 
applicable to all foreign nations. We were unable to nominate a con- 
tractor in time, as you are aware, and the Imperial Commission made 
a contract with another contractor. We have never had any control of 
this contract, nor can the Imperial Commission recall it; it is the prop- 
erty of the holder. He may sell it if he can find a buyer, provided 
always that the other contracting party — the Imperial Commission — will 
accept the buyer in place of the seller. Therefore any party wishing to 
make this contract must buy out the holder and agree with the Imperial 
Commission to accept him in place of the seller, and enter into a new 
contract in that conformity. With this change we have nothing to do, 
except to oppose it or promote it, according to our interest, as far as our 
influence may go. Now, I shall be extremely glad to have an American 
contractor and engine in place of the one we have ; it is what we ought 
to have, and I am ready to do all I can to effect this change, provided 
always that the new contract will be equal to our wants. But I cannot 
propose the canceling of the existing contract, which, if accepted, would 
leave us at this late date without a positive contract for force ; nor would 
the Imperial Commission listen to such a proposal ; neither can I become 
myself the contractor, which would, in effect, be my position by your 
proposal. The new contractor must come forward and negotiate for 
himself; 'he must agree with the holder on the terms of sale, and till this 
is done nothing can be done; he must then agree with the Imperial Com- 
mission to accept him as a substitute for the other, and enter into the 
obligations and responsibilities which they require of all contractors. 
I will help him in this as far as I can, provided always his offer is equal 
to our wants and compatible with the general interest of our exhibition, 
which it is incumbent on me to look after. I think it best, therefore, for 
me not to make the proposal you suggest, and would recommend your 
contractor not to begin with such a proposal, because it would come to 
nothing either with the holder or with the Imperial Commission. The 
holder is a machinist of reputation and wealth, who wishes to exhibit 
his machine, and cares very little for the pay. I do not think he would 
listen to a proposal to give up his contract and continue to draw his 
pay; I think he would refuse it; at the same time, if the case were prop- 
erly stated, and he were asked to name his terms, he might name terms 
more moderate than the buyer is ready to offer. These are my impres- 
sions, but I cannot undertake this negotiation ; it is the business of the 
new contractor, and I shall be glad if I can help him in it in the way I 
have suggested, and glad if it succeeds.' 

"It will be readily seen that I cannot propose the canceling of the 
existing contract and substitute nothing in its place but a vague under- 
standing that parties who are not yet named will come forward and 
make another contract. The Imperial Commission would not consent to 
this, and if they did it would only deprive our exhibition of the certainty 



ETHNOGRAPHICAL EXHIBITION. 65 

it now lias of sufficient force, and leave the common interest to the 
uncertainties of an incomplete engagement not reduced to the forms of 
business which secure fulfillment. 

" It is for the interest of the exhibition to have the new contract per- 
fected before the old one is relinquished, and it is incumbent on those 
who are directly interested, and desire to profit by the change, to come 
forward and complete it in advance. 

" I think I should jeopardize the general interest of our exhibitors in 
consideration of the particular interests of contractors if I acted other- 
wise, and my object in this communication is to explain this situation. 

"The pressure from particular interests at this stage naturally 
increases, and the numerous letters which I receive direct from parties 
themselves are now embarrassing. 

"I shall endeavor to satisfy each as far as is compatible with the com- 
mon interest of our exhibition, which should be kept uppermost ; but I 
cannot deviate from that, unless in particular cases, which may be referred 
to you, you shall think me mistaken and direct me to act otherwise." 

PROPOSED EXHIBITION OF COSTUMES AND OF ABORIGINAL RACES. 

Mr. Beckivith to Mr. Derby. 

" No. 12.] . " Paris, November 8, 1865. 

" Dear Sir : The annexed publication is from the special committee 
on costumes, Class 92, and indicates the method adopted in France for 
perfecting that part of the Exposition. 

" The peoples of Western Europe descend from successive invasions 
of numerous races which settled in various localities, holding compara- 
tively small intercourse with each other previous to the epoch of rail- 
ways, and preserving, consequently, great variety of dialects, habits, 
manners, and costumes. 

" These characteristics are suggestive, not only of differences of origin, 
but of the influences which tend to preserve or create the differences in 
question, such as peculiarities of climate, soil, geographic configuration, 
occupation, &c, in localities but little removed from each other. 

" The difference of origin and the better means of communication in 
America, the uniformity of institutions, the diffusion of a common liter- 
ature, the superior intelligence, and the homogeneous character of the 
nation, tend alike to preclude the preservation or growth of similar local 
distinctions, while the brief history of the country, from its settlement, 
embraces too short a period of time for the modifications of character and 
development of local differences, which it is becoming the fashion to 
ascribe, with or without reason, to the powerful influence of the elements. 

" I doubt if you will be able to make a coUection of native costumes 
that will be very interesting or instructive, either in a historical or an 
ethnological sense." 
5 P E 



66 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

Mr. Beclcwith to Mr. Seward. 

" Paris, September 19, 1866. 

" The project of bringing together at the Exposition groups of aborigi- 
nal races from different quarters of the globe may appear at first adapted 
merely to gratify the curiosity of the multitude. 

" But, however legitimate such a wish might be, the project includes 
a higher object. 

"The interesting researches which relate to the natural history of 
man, it is well known, are now pursued with great zeal, and are pushed 
back to periods long anterior to the commencement of the historic period. 

" The elements of these researches include careful studies of the physi- 
ology of races, of the habits and manners of existing races, of languages 
living and dead, and of fossil remains. 

" The persons most occupied with these inquiries are seldom men of 
fortune, and rarely travelers, but they are usually men of small means, 
devoted to special pursuits, which they follow with untiring zeal, depend- 
ing, to a great extent, for the material facts on which their general- 
izations are based, upon the hasty and often superficial observations of 
unscientific travelers and upon accidental discoveries. 

"Bringing together specimens of races, as proposed, will present a 
rare opportunity for the linguists, the sinologues, the ethnologues, the 
physiologists, &c, to perfect and verify their theories — to correct them 
or to originate new ones — an opportunity which most of them have never 
enjoyed, nor could in any other way. 

"The American Indians, as regards their physical qualities, their 
moral and intellectual qualities, their present condition, their obscure 
past and more obscure future, are unquestionably among the most inter- 
esting of the early races of man. 

" Their gradual diminution is considered by some as the evidence and 
effect of that law which they contend governs the animal kingdom, in 
conformity with which the lower precedes the higher, and is in turn 
exterminated by it. From this it is argued by one party that civiliza- 
tion spreads only by extermination, while their opponents maintain that 
all races are capable of civilization and preservation, and that extermin- 
ation results only from the ignorance and consequent enmity of races. 

"But, whatever the causes of decay, the fact is obvious that the abo- 
riginal inhabitants of America are diminishing, and it may be doubted 
whether it is in human power to preserve or even to prolong their exist- 
ence. 

" The journals from Washington just received contain the legislation 
of Congress, Document ]So. 157, relating to certain tribes of Indians. 

" The pains taken to introduce among them the arts and habits of 
civilization is remarkable. Oxen, horses, plows, hoes, axes, log-chains, 
saw-mills, grindstones, spades, farming implements of all sorts, and 
domestic utensils, are not only provided for them, but white persons of 



EXHIBITION OF MATERIALS OF WAR. 67 

both sexes are sent among them to teach them the uses of these things 
and the habits of a higher life. 

" The consideration and care of the government and people of the 
United States for these ancient races are beneficent and even parental. 
But this fact is little known in the world, and we are frequently reproached 
with pursuing a cold and cruel policy toward the Indians 

u A better understanding of this subject would relieve us from these 
reproaches and justify the policy of the government and nation, by 
showing that it is eminently humane and wise, and really up to the level 
of the highest civilization of the age. 

" The history of this policy and its effects, carefully studied, would 
also throw great light on the ethnological question to which I have 
alluded, touching the destiny of races as affected by human laws and by 
laws which are higher than those of human origin. 

" If I could succeed in adding a group of Indians to the assembly of 
races which it is hoped Avill be brought together at the Exposition, I 
think it might give rise to inquiries and researches which, in a scientific 
sense, would be interesting and useful, and in a political sense would 
tend to diffuse a knowledge of facts in every way creditable to the gov- 
ernment and the country; and I am not without hope that you may think 
the subject of sufficient interest to bring it again to the attention of the 
Secretary of the Interior." 

EXHIBITION OF HEAVY CANNON AND MUNITIONS OF WAR. 

The two letters following, from Mr. Beckwith to Mr. Seward, explain 
the absence of an exhibition by the government of materials of war in 
the United States Section : 

Mr. Beckwith to Mr. Seward. 

"Paris, April 19, 1866. 

" Sir : The fabrication of heavy cannon and materials of war in gen- 
eral being, to a large extent, the work of government, the Imperial Com- 
mission omitted articles of this kind in forming their catalogues for the 
Exposition. 

" But the nations most advanced in products of this description, Eng- 
land, Prussia, Belgium, &c, have expressed a desire to exhibit them, 
and the Imperial Commission has resolved to add them to the catalogue. 

"The French government will, therefore, form for itself in the Park a 
separate exhibition, comprising all descriptions of materials of war, and 
other similar exhibitions will be formed by other governments or manu- 
facturers, or by both. 

"An exhibition of this kind by the United States, through the co- 
operation of the Navy and War Departments and manufacturers, might 
be made with great effect, and a place could be provided for it in the 
Park, under the same roof where I propose to supplement Group VI, 
alluded to in my previous letters. 



68 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

" The additional expense this would involve would not be large on this 
side, and the cost of the proposed building could, I think, be kept within 
the sum I have nampd for that purpose, which Congress appears disposed 
to provide. 

" A branch from the railway which encircles Paris will be laid to con- 
nect with the Park, which will facilitate the transport of heavy objects, 
and suitable machinery for handling and placing them will be provided. 

" A collection of war materials would add great attractions to our 
exhibition, and undoubtedly be highly appreciated. 

" I have requested Mr. Derby to apply to you for information, and I 
beg your favorable consideration of the subject." 

Mr. Beckivith to Mr. Seward. 

" Paris, May 31, 1866. 

" Sir : I beg to acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 11th instant, 
referring to mine of the 19th April, on the subject of an exhibition of 
materials of war. 

" Your letter includes a copy of the observations of the Secretary of 
the Navy on the subject, in which he remarks that he is i aware of no 
benefit that would accrue to our government or country from an exhi- 
bition of specimens of our ordnance in Paris/ from which I infer that I 
must have failed to present the subject in the light which I intended. 

" It has been the occasional custom of the United States government, 
and it is the constant custom of European governments, to dispatch 
commissioners to different countries to study and report upon the prog- 
ress and condition of the materials of war. 

" These inquiries are attended with great expense, on account of the 
extended journey they require. The inquiries are in themselves diffi- 
cult and the results imperfect, owing to the objections and obstacles 
often thrown in the way of them, and the reports are, defective, which 
result from such hasty and imperfect studies without the means of com- 
parison. 

u The Imperial Commission omitted this subject in its original pro- 
gramme, but England, Prussia, and Belgium, countries among the most 
advanced in products of this kind, thought the occasion should not be 
neglected for bringing together collections of the most improved and 
advanced materials of war from all countries, which would present at 
once the best possible opportunity for the study and comparison of them 
without obstacles. 

u At their suggestion the Imperial Commission reconsidered the sub- 
ject, and resolved to provide for such an exhibition. 

u The French government concurred in this view, and the result will 
be national exhibitions of the best war materials of the countries above 
named, in which each will exhibit not for its own especial benefit but for 
the mutual common benefit, which accords with the spirit and meaning 
of the entire Exposition of 1867. 



EXHIBITION OF MATERIALS OF WAR. 69 

"I feel that I should apologize for intruding tlie subject a second time 
on your attention, but I am not without hope that the Secretary of the 
Navy and the Secretary of War may be willing to reconsider the matter 
in the light now presented. 

" If those departments could be induced to contribute to the Exposi- 
tion, and send a competent officer to study and report upon it, (of whom 
there must be many who would accept the commission wituout expense,) 
they could not fail, I think, to obtain more complete and valuable infor- 
mation than they could get in any other way of the quality and condi- 
tion of the materials of war of every kind in all countries where great 
attention and skill are applied to the production of them." 

SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL. 

The following letter from Commissioner Beckwith to Mr. Derby, dated 
Paris, November 8, 1865, explains the organization and objects of 
u The Imperial Society of International Travel:* 

"Many persons engaged in agriculture, manufactures, and various in- 
dustries will desire to visit the Exposition for the purpose of studying 
it in connection with their particular interests. It is likely also that 
many of those persons whose studies would produce practical and useful 
results may not he able to afford the whole expense which it involves. 
The annexed publication emanates from an association collateral to the 
Imperial Commission, founded on a capital of $100,000, for the purpose 
of aiding the class of persons in question to visit the Exposition by means 
of contracts in their favor at reduced prices, with railways, steam navi- 
gation companies, hotel-keepers, &c. The articles of association and 
method of proposed operation are described in the annexed pamphlet. 

"I send it merely as a suggestion, which some ingenious and well-dis- 
posed person may embrace, to originate a similar organization if thought 
useful and requisite on our aide." 

The objeet of the society is : 

1. To make arrangements with railway companies, steamship compa- 
nies, and others, in regard to running trains and making trips at reduced 
rates, from the principal towns of France, Algiers, and from foreign 
countries, for the express purpose of transporting the working classes, 
farmers, and mechanics, to the Universal Exposition of 1867, at Paris. 

2. To enable all these persons to reach, in a safe and easy manner, the 
great manufacturing and agricultural centers. 

3. To furnish them with all kinds of information, through the agency 
of competent persons, attached to the special service of the adminis- 
tration. 

4. To provide for them capable interpreters. 

5. To direct them to vacant apartments, and, in certain cases, to sup- 
ply board and lodging for travelers at Paris, or in other places. 

The society will base all its operations upon a moderate tariff, within 
the reach of all. 



70 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

It will make arrangements with railway companies, so that travelers 
of all classes coming by the ordinary trains can procure, at starting, a 
certificate allowing them full possession of all advantages offered by the 
society. 

The directors of the society, according to the wish exi>ressed in article 
five of the regulations of the Imperial Commission for the Universal Ex- 
position of 1867, at Paris, will provide for the running of third-class 
trains, specially intended for farmers, overseers, workmen, and mechan- 
ics. They will place themselves, as soon as possible, in communication 
with prefects, sub-prefects, mayors, heads of institutions, presidents of 
chambers of commerce, corporations, &c, and with the ministers of for- 
eign powers, for the purpose of soliciting their valuable assistance and 
advice in regard to the best method of making known the conditions of 
this way of traveling, and the manner of receiving the sum to be paid, 
by means of small weekly installments. For this purpose, the society 
will establish in each department an agency, having power to appoint 
sub-agents in all towns and villages, who will be provided with books 
containing small printed receipts to be given in exchange for each pay- 
ment of fifty centimes or one franc. 

Upon the first page of this book will be printed an extract from the 
regulations, as follows : 

A. — These books are not transferable unless notice has been previ- 
ously given to the agent of the administration. 

B. — The sums collected in each department will be paid in, every week, 
to the receiver of finances, or to some person of equal responsibility. 

C— Each holder of a book, by giving notice ten days in advance to 
the departmental agent, will be reimbursed for all sums he may have 
expended, except the premium of two francs, payable by each book, and 
a reserve of three per cent, intended to cover the expenses of printing 
and of commission to the agents and sub-agents. 

D. — Members of workmen's societies, or even of workshops, can, if 
they wish, form companies and make direct contracts with the society 
for their journey and sojourn in Paris. 

The receipts will be distributed through all the towns and villages, 
and it will be easy at any time for any person wishing to visit Paris in 
1867 to purchase one or more of these receipts,, according to the expense 
of his ticket and of his sojourn in Paris, if he desires it. 

This arrangement will give an opportunity to persons interesting them- 
selves in social and universal progress of purchasing these receipts in 
any place, and of disposing of them where and when they wish. 

At the railway terminus in Paris persons in the society ? s employ will 
be constantly stationed to furnish gratuitously any information desired 
by travelers of all classes. These persons will be provided every day 
with lists of apartments, unengaged chambers in hotels, furnished 
houses, and all other particulars. 

In short, the persons in enrploy of the society should endeavor to be 



SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL. 71 

useful in every way to the stranger, and to make his sojourn in the capi- 
tal as agreeable as possible. 

The office of the society will be open day and night for the reception 
of travelers. 

A hospital will be prepared, under the direction of a physician, with 
an apartment for ladies. 

COMPLETION AND OPENING OF THE EXPOSITION. 

Mr. Beckwiih to Mr. Seward. 

" Paris, January 21, 1867. 

11 Sir : The dates fixed by the imperial regulations for placing the 
products which are to form the Exposition are as follows : 

" The structures in the Palace and the Park to be completed by the 1st 
of December; the show-cases, tables, and fixtures of all kinds to be 
placed before the 15th January ; the reception and unpacking of 
products to commence on the 15th January, and to terminate on the 10th 
March, after which no more will be received. The products to be ar- 
ranged for exhibition between the 11th and 28th March ; the 29th and 
30th are allowed for cleaning and sweeping, and a general inspection on 
the 31st will take place preparatory to the opening on the 1st April. 

"The latest notice on this subject which I have received from the Im- 
perial Commission is dated the 12th instant, reminding me that the 
above regulations will be adhered to ; that the Emperor will inspect the 
Exposition between the 28th and 31st March ; and that the opening will 
take place on the 1st April, without fail. 

"The dates for finishing the structures which we had to make, and 
for commencing the introduction of products, (15th instant,) being past, 
I now propose to report the situation of our work. 

"Palace. — I have completed the flooring of Groups II, III, IY, V, 
in the Palace, and laid out upon them the plans in conformity with which 
the installations (fixtures) are to be made and placed. 

" In Group Yl one part of the floor is being laid, and will soon be fin- 
ished ; and in the other part of the same group the foundations in ma- 
sonry are in progress for machines, of which plans of foundations have 
been sent me, upon which I could construct in advance ; but all the nec- 
essary plans have not yet reached me. The concrete in Groups I and 
VII, laid by the Imperial Commission, will be sufficient in those groups, 
and answer in place of wood floors. 

"Park. — The annex in the Park will be about three hundred feet in 
length, and nearly thirty-four feet in breadth. The frame of this build- 
ing is erected, and the covering commenced ; this, by contract, should 
have been completed on the 15th January, but the tempestuous weather 
which set in on the 2d January, and severity of the cold which still con- 
tinues, have retarded this work; the material for the covering and the 
flooring is prepared and ready to be laid, and a very short period of 
milder weather will enable me to complete this building. 



72 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

" With respect to the buildings to be erected in the Park — two houses, 
one school-house, and a bakery, to be sent from the United States — the 
information sent me is not such as to enable me to prepare the ground 
for them, and there is likely to be some delay in consequence after their 
arrival. 

u The contracts for the installations (tables, show-cases, shelves, frames, 
partitions, and other fixtures) in Groups II, III, IV, V, and VI, require 
the completion and delivery of this work by the 31st instant ; but I have 
been obliged to extend the time for a part of it to the 9th February. 

"The preparation of the walls in Group I, for the reception of pictures, 
is nearly completed; and I rely upon being in a condition to commence 
the reception of products in the Palace from the 25th instant to the 30th 
instant, and to commence the unpacking and placing throughout the 
Palace and annex by the 10th February. 

"Most of my contracts for the more expensive work have been made 
in Belgium, at lower prices than I could obtain in Paris, and where cir- 
cumstances admit of more reliance on punctuality. 

" I ought not to omit to state in this connection that the backward 
and still incomplete condition of the catalogues has compelled me to 
undertake and carry on the expensive part of the work in question under 
great disadvantages. 

" Taking the preliminary catalogues and allotments which I trans- 
mitted to the department on the 24th October as a basis, I have been 
obliged to make the contracts for the construction of the fixtures in that 
conformity, as being likely to be pretty nearly what would prove to be 
in the end necessary. 

" But as there have been many changes in those lists of products and 
allotments of space, and these changes are still going on, it is not 
unlikely that when the products and the fixtures come together they 
will not in all cases fit each other. 

" I am liable to find a space for which I have prepared an expensive 
sliow-case occupied by a stove, or another space for which I have pre- 
pared a table, appropriated to products requiring a different method of 
installation for exhibition, &c. 

" This contingency results inevitably from carrying on simultaneously 
two distinct works, one of which (the catalogues) should precede the 
other, by which method alone the fixtures could be made in advance to 
fit the products when they arrive. 

"The incongruity between the products and the installations prepared 
for them, to whatever extent it may be found to exist, will cause further 
delays, probably considerable waste or expenditure of money that might 
have been avoided, and can hardly fail to render it impossible to place 
and expose the products in all cases in the way and manner desired by 
the exhibitor, and intended. Some changes and disappointments from 
this source may become unavoidable, and give rise to dissatisfaction 
and complaints from exhibitors thus disturbed, and who perceive no 
cause for it but what appears to them very bad management. 



THE OPENING CEREMONIES. 73 

" But it is obvious that if the construction of the fixtures had beeu 
delayed for the completion of the catalogues, (not yet completed,) such 
delay would have been equivalent to an abandonment of the Exposition, 
and it will require unceasing efforts, as it is to bring the products and 
the fixtures together, however incongruous their condition, in time to pre- 
vent their exclusion from the Exposition. 

# # # # # * # 

"I have not yet been able to report any of the catalogues to the 
Imperial Commission. Their urgency increases daily and their hopes 
have been fed by the continued advices above quoted, each of which in 
succession seemed to indicate that but little remained to do, and that 
the final report might be fairly expected by the following mail. 

" But the result is, I regret to say, that the Imperial Commission has 
at length become impatient. They have received my representations of 
late vrith apparently diminished confidence, and have now given me 
final notice that if my manuscript catalogues are not delivered to them 
by the 25th instant for publication, the Exposition will open on the 1st 
of April without them. 

" I still hope to avoid this result ; it would place our exhibitors at 
great disadvantage, and I look with increasing anxiety for the final 
reports from the agency at New York." 

THE OPENING OF THE EXPOSITION. 
Mr. BecJcivith to Mr. Seward. 

"Paris, April 2, 1867. 

" Sir : The Exposition was opened yesterday, the 1st of April, in con- 
formity with the regulations published by the Imperial Commission. 

" Work in the building and the Park was suspended for the occasion, 
the doors were opened to the public, the attendance was numerous, and 
the weather was brilliant. 

"The diplomatic bodies and the other invited guests were assembled 
in the interior gallery appropriated to the fine arts. The* national com- 
missions were stationed, each in its own section, on the elevated platform 
which runs through the great gallery of machinery comprising the larger 
circuit of the building. 

" His Majesty the Emperor and the Empress arrived at 2 o'clock p. m., 
accompanied by the chief officers of state, several ladies of the court, 
the Imperial Commissions, and a numerous suite of functionaries con- 
nected both with civil departments and with the Exposition. 

"The imperial cortege on arrival ascended the great platform or 
promenade, and made the entire circuit of the building, the various 
national commissions being presented in succession by the minister of 
state, vice-president of the Exposition, to the Emperor and the Empress 
as the cortege arrived at the different sections. 

" The national commissions then repaired to their respective sections 



74 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

in the gallery of fine arts and joined the invited guests. The imperial 
cortege descended from the platform and made the tour of the gallery 
of fine arts, their Majesties saluting the audience as they passed, receiv- 
ing in return their cordial greeting. 

" The imperial cortege then retired by the great door opposite the 
one by which they had entered, the Exposition was declared to be 
open, the barriers and guards removed, and the avenues left free to the 
circulation of the multitude." 

CONDITION OF THE UNITED STATES SECTION AT THE OPENING. 
Mr. Beckwith to Mr. Seward. 

« Paris, April 3, 1867. 

" Sir : I beg to state briefly that at the opening of the Exposition the 
structures in our section were nearly completed and the placing of the 
products aBout half finished. Many of them are still on the road 
between this and Havre, which has been greatly clogged by accumula- 
tion beyond the means of rapid transport. 

" Fully a month will be required to complete the work, and this obser- 
vation is applicable to every national section of importance, including 
the French section. 

" Very little machinery was ready in any section for movement, though 
a few machines in some sections were put in motion for effect. 

u Three or four of our machines, under charge of Mr. Pickering, were 
belted and shafted ready for work, but the Imperial Commission were 
'not ready to supply us with steam or water, and the machines did not 
run. 

" Each nationality has been urgent in pushing forward its work for 
the opening, in which anxiety I participated, and increased the number 
of workmen, employing one set during the day and another for the night 
till five in the morning for a short period. 

" The natural anxiety in my section was sufficient, and the movement 
was overdone by the severe pressure of the Imperial Commission. This 
caused an accumulation and a clog which retarded instead of hastening 
the wwk. 

" The contracts for transport, cartage, carpenters' work, masonry, 
decoration, &c, all broke down, new contracts were made, wages 
were doubled, the men became masters, and with this accumulation of 
force and expense the work went slower every day. 

" With the business in this train many of our exhibitors arrived, 
anxious to find their products and get them in place ; but destitute of 
any knowledge of the situation, ignorant of the regulations, and to a 
great extent of the language, they have met with difficulties and delays 
they did not look for, and have shown some dissatisfaction. 

" But time and patience will remedy this, reasonable grounds of com- 
plaint — if such exist — will be removed, and imaginary grounds will van- 
ish with a better knowledge of the circumstances. 



THE UNITED STATES SECTION OF THE OPENING. 75 

" The precipitation and disorder with which the exhibitors hurried off 
their products from the United States at the latest moment, their gen- 
eral, almost uniform neglect to furnish inventories of the contents of 
packages, and the arrival of every vessel but one in advance of the bill 
of lading and shipping documents such as they were, precipitated the 
business upon me in a condition which can only be appreciated by those 
who are familiar with the movements of commerce. 

" For the most part I have had no means of furnishing the customs 
with the requisite inventories, nor of knowing the contents of packages, 
till they were opened and the inventories made, and many of them are 
not yet opened. 

u The shipping lists have proved to be very inaccurate — several pack- 
ages in them have not appeared, while many others not in them, nearly 
a hundred in all, have been delivered. Under these circumstances it is 
impossible to hold vessels to any strict account for delivery. 

" The impossibility of making a correct catalogue under these circum- 
stances is evident. I have made the best that was possible and it appears 
in the first edition of the imperial catalogue, but it is extremely imper- 
fect. 

u I have now in press a catalogue together with the statistics to accom- 
pany it ; the catalogue is in three languages and the statistics in French. 
This will be more accurate, and will be out, I trust, by the loth instant. 
But even this cannot be perfected before the second or third edition. 

u The houses from Chicago have been a great embarrassment. The 
material for one of them was only got into the Park yesterday. 

" The materials for the other arrived some weeks since, but instead of 
a house in sections ready to put up, it was lumber from the mills of 
which to build a house. 

k - Mr. Clark, the carpenter who came over to build the house, con- 
cluded that he could not do it either with French tools or French work- 
men. I sent him to England to procure carpenters and tools; he 
brought over fifteen workmen, and they are working on the first house, 
at heavy wages, and doing little, having evidently embraced the oppor- 
tunity of coming to the Exposition rather than to work. 

" I should not have felt justified in this course, but for the recent 
appropriation in Congress, which was telegraphed to me as intended for 
this purpose, and for the importance apparently attached to this exhibit 
by those who were interested in sending it, which seemed to leave 
me no choice, though so large an expenditure for this purpose is not in 
accordance with my own judgment. 

" The pressure of work at this moment will be accepted as my apology, 
I hope, for so brief a report on the state of the work at the opening." 



II. 

THE PROGRESS AND CLOSE OF THE EXPOSITION. 

Scientific Commission ; the importance of obtaining the assistance of pro- 
fessional AND SCIENTIFIC PERSONS TO STUDY AND REPORT UPON THE EXPOSITION — 

Reports upon the progress of science and letters in France — The organ- 
ization AND DUTIES OF A SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION — COMMISSION UPON WEIGHTS, 

measures, and coins— International exhibition of measures, weights, and 
coins — Preparation of the catalogue of the United States section and 
publication of statistics — fleld trials of agricultural machines at blllan- 
court — International juries, and their organization — New order of awards 
— Apportionment of jurors to the United States — Work of class juries — 
The distribution of prizes — Honorary distinctions — Exhibition of the 
medals and diplomas — Prizes for reaping and mowing machines — Condition 
of the industrial arts indicated by the awards — Commission of the United 
States — Regulations issued by the Secretary of State — Meetings and pro- 
ceedings OF THE COMMISSION — CLOSE OF THE EXPOSITION AND THE DELIVERY OF 

products — Minerals donated to various institutions, and letters received 
in reply— Cereals collected by exchange. 

SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION. 

The importance of obtaining the assistance of professional and scien- 
tific persons to study the exhibition and aid in preparing suitable reports 
upon it, was pointed out by Mr. Beckwith in his letter of suggestions to 
Mr. Bigelow, April 3, 1865, printed upon p. 15. The department was 
also addressed by Mr. Bigelow in his dispatch from the United States 
legation at Paris, September 21, 1865, as follows : 

" The circular, of which No. 1 is a translation, has been issued by the 
Commissioners of the Universal Exposition of 1867. It provides for the 
creation of an international scientific commission, whose duty it shall 
be to note the recent advances made in the sciences and arts, to con- 
tribute what they can to diffuse the knowledge of useful discoveries, to 
encourage international reforms, and, lastly, to point out, in special 
publications, the useful results to be derived from the Exposition. 

" I invite your special attention to the provisions of this circular, and 
take the liberty of suggesting that our government can in no way turn 
this Exposition to better account than by sending a few of its cleverest 
men of science to make part of this commission. I say its cleverest, 
because it is not worth while to send men who would see nothing, and 
therefore describe nothing, which would not be seen, and as well or 
better described, by the French and other foreign exhibitors. 

" The Exposition will be transitory, but the accounts that will be 
written about it have a chance of enduring. Europe will assign this 
duty to her choicest men. There is glory to be won in a successful com- 
petition with them. I think the opportunity should not be neglected." 



78 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

The following is the translation of the circular referred to. Original 
was issued by the Imperial Commission, and signed by Bouher, the min- 
ister of state and vice-president of the Imperial Commission , September 



20, 1865 



ORDER ESTABLISHING THE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION. 



u In accordance with the general regulations adopted by the Imperial 
Commission, 7th July, 1865, and approved by an imperial decree of the 
date of 12th July, 1865, w 7 hich provides for the institution of a series of 
studies and experiments, under the direction of a scientific commission, 
and for the publication of results of general interest attained by these 
labors, (Article 63,) it is ordered : 

" Article 1. There is established, in connection with the Imperial 
Commission, an international scientific commission, having for its object: 
1st. To indicate the best means of representing, at the Exposition of 
1867, the recent advances made in the sciences, in the liberal and indus- 
trial arts. 2d. To contribute to the extension of the employment of 
useful discoveries, and to encourage reforms of international interest, 
such as the adoption of uniform weights and measures, identical scientific 
unities, &c. 3d. To point out in special publications the results of gen- 
eral utility to be derived from the Exposition, and to undertake, if it be 
necessary, the researches required for their accomplishment. 

u Article 2. The Scientific Commission is composed of Frenchmen, ap- 
pointed directly by the Imperial Commission, and of foreigners appointed 
upon the nomination of their respective countries. These appointments 
will be made successively by special orders. 

u Article 3. Scientific organizations, and, in general, persons inter- 
ested in the progress of the sciences and the arts, are invited to submit 
to the Imperial Commission their opinions in regard to the researches to 
be undertaken, and the questions to be considered. 

" Article 4. The members of the Scientific Commission will not be 
expected to hold stated meetings. They can labor separately upon the 
matters which are given them to treat; and can send, in their own 
names, the fruits of their labor to the Imperial Commission. It will 
also be permitted to them to meet with their colleagues of all countries." 

" Article 5. The memoranda and reports will be submitted before 
the 1st July, 1867, to the Imperial Commission, and published, if neces- 
sary, under its direction. The whole will form the collection of the 
labors of the Scientific Commission. 

" Article 6. The councillor of state, Commissioner General, is charged 
with the execution of these orders." 

REPORTS UPON THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE AND LETTERS IN FRANCE. 

The following is a translation of a letter addressed, December 1, 1865, 
by M. Duruy, the minister of public instruction, to M. Le Play, the coun- 



ORGANIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC COMMISSIONS. 79 

cillor of state and Commissioner General for the Universal Exhibition of 
18G7: 

" I have the honor to inform yon that, in virtue of the approval given 
by the Emperor to my report of the 8th of November, the minister of 
public instruction will directly participate in the Universal Exposition of 
1867, by producing there the works of diverse character which are com- 
prised in the mission with which he is charged. 

" He will at first present the best manner arising from a substantial 
rule which serves for the instruction of children and of adults in the 
primary public schools, and in order that we may be able to establish 
its value, he will make fully known also the results of the tuition. In 
addition, he will lay down a series of reports which will show, in the 
first part, the discoveries of scientific theories, from which emanate 
every industrial perfection, and on the other part, the moral ameliora- 
tions and administrative or economical reforms due to the influence of 
ideas that literature diffuses, that history verifies in the past, and of 
which political sciences provoke the application in the present. 

" It is in the Classes 89 and 90 that the objects might be placed, which, 
by appealing to the eye, can allow it to appreciate the state of educa- 
tion. 

" Among these objects will be found some works executed by the 
pupils themselves, such as drawings, modelings, &c, which it is usual 
to produce at every exposition, and of which the most meritorious have 
always gained some credit to the schools who have sent them. 

"The most severe precautions will be taken by my administration in 
the public schools, in order that these objects may represent, with a scru- 
pulous fidelity, the real labor of the pupils, without the assistance of 
teachers, and consequently what they will be truly in a condition to do 
upon the day when they will be left to themselves. It will be a true 
standard of primary education. 

" The reports on the principal works produced by the French mind 
for the past twenty years in their intellectual order, and in their social 
order, will find, therefore, their natural place in the Class 90, which 
makes a part of Group X, where the Imperial Commission has united 
that which concerns the material and moral progress of populations. 

" The reports will be made known as follows : 

" 1. The progress accomplished in France by the mathematical, phys- 
ical, and natural sciences. 

" 2. The progress accomplished by the moral and political sciences in 
their apinications to the wants of society. 

" The character of French letters that they may study, at least with 
a view to their style or as a task of literary criticism, and in their effects 
upon the general education of the country. 

" Some men, who are the light and honor of the Senate, of the Council 
of State, of the Institute, and of high education, have been willing to 
undertake to draw up these reports. Before speaking in the name of 



80 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

French science, in presence of the wise men of the world, in an in- 
closnre where every one will judge each other, they will study without 
troubling the serenity of the impartial historian ; and in the same way, 
with a respect for their own labor, they will lay before their equals a 
testimony devoid of all personal interest. 

" The ancients selected the sage to seek the beautiful, the true, and 
the perfect. The reports will tell whether the ancient formula is that of 
the modern sage, and whether French letters, faithful to the great tra- 
ditions of Oorneille and of Moliere, seeking always the beautiful in order 
to diffuse the good, are still a school of manners, as the positive sciences 
and the moral sciences are a school of truth and justice. 

" Before indicating the classifications of the matter comprised in the 
three divisions mentioned before, I believe it, Monsieur the Commissioner 
General, useful to communicate to you some explanations relative to the 
meaning and object of this work. It is of consequence to remark at 
first, that he is not to draw up at first an encyclopedial resume of human 
knowledge. Proceeding in that way he would miss the mark by over- 
shooting it. The interval which separates us from 1867 is not sufficient 
for the calculations of all the intellectual riches of humanity. It is 
already a sufficiently heavy task to measure their increase from the 
opening of the period which the contemporaneous generation completes 
by its labors; of that time even they will gather only the considerable 
facts and results well established. It is not the object in effect to write a 
complete history of each branch of human knowledge for twenty years. 
The vain efforts, the abortive experiments, the hypotheses not con- 
firmed — all this scientific dross, which learning collects with curiosity, 
ought to be placed aside with the facts which may not have a useful 
character or a general interest. 

"We do not purpose to burden ourselves with making for foreign 
countries a report of the things I have just indicated, though they come 
within the limit of time prescribed. We will not be able, doubtlessly, 
in speaking of our progress, to abstain from touching upon that of neigh- 
boring nations. 

"A joint responsibility closely unites to-day the scientific labors and 
moral preoccupations of the different nations. Sometimes the same idea 
spontaneously originates in several countries at once; sometimes an 
invention found on one side of the frontier has carried all the fruits 
which grace an accomplished perfection to the other side. Elsewhere, 
several peoples following, perhaps, our example, it is necessary to leave 
them the honor of pronouncing for themselves an authoritative and im- 
partial judgment. France, in the reports which she undertakes, pro- 
poses exclusively to be occupied with herself, saving the exceptions 
which will be indispensable to place in the work a perspicuous and ne- 
cessary justice ; the minister of public instruction using the liberty left 
by the liberal programme of the Imperial Commission to all those who 
will wish, like herself, to exhibit in Class 00; and the classification 



ORGANIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC COMMISSIONS. 81 

which it presents ought to be considered as a simple memorandum, of 
which each will make such use as will be convenient to him. 

" The programme of the subject to be treated in the report in ques- 
tion is determined principally in the following manner : 

"1. Progress accomplished by the mathematical, physical, 
and natural sciences. — Geometry, analysis, mechanics, astronomy, 
geodesy. Physics, chemistry. Geology and paleontology, botany, zo- 
ology, anthropology, general physiology, medicine and surgery, hygiene, 
rural economy, and the veterinary art. 

"2. Progress accomplished by the moral and political 
sciences in their agreement with the wants of society. — 
Public right, administrative right, legislation — civil and penal, political 
economy, rights of nations. 

" 3. Character and tendency of French letters. — Literature — 
poetry, drama— philosophic doctrines, historical works, archaeological 
discoveries. 

u Around this collection of reports, and as an appendix in connection 
therewith, will be arranged some objects chosen for the purpose of indi- 
cating the most interesting results of scientific missions and archaeolo- 
gical researches, accomplished in the same period under the auspices of 
the administration of puplic instruction. 

"Accept, Mr. Commissioner General, the assurance of my most dis- 
tinguished consideration." 



L o' 






Mr. Beckwith to Mr. Seicard. 

" Paris, December 14, 18C5. 

" Sir : * * * I embrace this opportunity to allude to the subject of a 
scientific commission, for the purpose of studying and reporting upon 
the Exposition. 

"The printed document hereto annexed, issued by the Imperial Com- 
mission, contains a decree forming a French scientific commission, and 
gives general directions for its guidance. 

"The Scientific Commission is, first, to point out to the Imperial Com- 
mission itself the best means of exhibiting the progress recently made 
in the sciences and arts ; secondly, to co-operate in propagating the adop- 
tion of useful discoveries and in promoting international reforms, such as 
the adoption of a uniform system of weights and measures ; and thirdly, 
to indicate the useful results in general to be drawn from the Exposition, 
and to undertake, if there is occasion, the researches or experiments 
requisite to complete those useful results. Scientific bodies, and persons 
in general who interest themselves in the progress of sciences and arts, 
are invited also to express their views to the Imperial Commission on 
the researches which should be undertaken and the questions which 
should be examined by the Scientific Commission. 

"The first part of the labor of the Scientific Commission, therefore, 
G p E 



82 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

precedes trie opening of the Exposition, and the results of it should 
reappear in the Exposition itself ; the second part may commence at any 
time, and does not appear to be necessarily connected with the Exposi- 
tion, but the third part relates more especially to the Exposition ; and 
the reports of the commission, collective or individual, embodying the 
fruits of their researches, should be sent in to the Imperial Commission 
by the first of July, 1867, three months before the close of the Exposition, 
that they may be published. 

" The members of the commission are Frenchmen, but foreigners may 
be added to it upon their nomination by the foreign commissioners, and 
acceptance by the Imperial Commission. And the members of the com- 
mission may unite in their labors and reports, or work separately, and 
make separate reports, if they prefer it. 

" I do not perceive that any particular advantage would result from 
the addition of foreigners to this commission, as their reports are to be 
made to the Imperial Commission ; but foreign scientific commissioners 
might perhaps find it desirable at a later period to have one or more of 
their members on the French commission, as a channel of convenient 
mutual intercourse. 

" In forming a scientific commission for the United States, and giving 
them instructions, the government will probably leave much to the 
-judgment of the commission itself in choosing subjects of particular 
inquiry $ but the best results would probably be attained by limiting the 
range of inquiry, and making the study of fewer subjects more com- 
plete. 

"Among the subjects to which attention might be particularly directed 
with advantage, I venture to suggest the following : 

"1. A comparison of the most useful American products with similar 
European products, indicating the qualities and differences of each, 
whether of superiority or inferiority, pointing out in what these differ- 
ences consist, and the causes of them. 

u 2. The methods and processes by which these useful products and 
their various qualities are produced. 

" The design of the Exposition is not limited to the display of prod- 
ucts, but a prominent feature of its organization is the attempt to 
exhibit or disclose as far as possible methods and processes. 

" Researches in this direction, which commence in the Exposition, 
must, in many instances, extend beyond those limits, and will be subject 
to the facilities for inquiry, greater or less, which may be afforded outside 
of the Exposition. But the utility of such researches cannot, I think, be 
doubted. 

u Why is gas for lighting streets, houses, &c, so much dearer in America 
than in France ? 

" The investigation of this subject would show, I think, that there is 
qo great difference in the average cost of raw material in both countries; 
that apparatuses are as good in one as in the other; and that the differ- 



IMPORTANCE OF A SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION. 83 

ence in the price of manual labor is but a small element of the cost of 
gas iu either case. But the methods adopted in France for utilizing 
secondary products, resulting from first processes, appear to have intro- 
duced economies which make gas in France cheaper than in America, 
and that these economies are applicable in America as well as in 
France. 

u There will be in the Exposition specimens of rails composed of iron 
and Bessemer iron or steel. An inquiry into the method of making 
these rails would probably disclose several useful economies in the pro- 
cesses ; one of which results from laying an upper surface of steel on a 
body of inferior cheap iron, which combination gives at once solidity, 
weight, strength, and hardness of surface, producing a superior rail at 
a cost which admits of its introduction and use as an economy. 

" On a recent visit to some of the great founderies in the north of 
France, I was informed that they were occupied with considerable orders 
for England, which orders they owed to the superior quality of their 
iron, the excellence of mechanical work, and moderate cost; and I was 
surprised that such results could be attained in localities the most un- 
promising. Nearly all the raw material Avas brought from great distances, 
at great expense. Goal from England, Belgium, and distant mines in 
France ; iron ores from Spain, England, Belgium, and several French 
mines in different localities. I was informed, and investigation would 
probably prove, that under these great disadvantages, which are more 
than the equivalent to cheapness of manual labor, good results are at- 
tributable, first, to the thoroughly scientific and careful analysis and 
mixtures of ores, by which superior metal is produced; second, to the 
excellent mechanical education of many of the workmen ; and third, to 
the economies introduced for utilizing secondary products of first pro- 
cesses, which secondary products are usually thrown away. 

" It is observable that the genius of every country adapts itself to 
local circumstances, and takes its greatest development in the direction 
of its greatest wants. 

" In America, where raw materials are abundant and cheap and man- 
ual labor is dear, mechanics and inventors and men of science and genius 
turn their attention with great success to the production of i labor-sav- 
ing' machines and methods, but exhibit at the same time comparative 
indifference or wastefulness in regard to raw materials. 

" In Europe, where manual labor is cheap and materials are dear, the 
attention of the same leading class of minds is bent in the direction of 
economies in everything which relates to raw material, and in constant 
and successful efforts to utilize all secondary products, and in the steady 
improvement and perfection of processes by scientific means. 

" Guided by those conditions, each country makes its own progress in 
its own way ; consequently there is something to give as well as to 
receive on all sides, and a universal exhibition should promote these 
exchanges. 



84 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

" If it be true, in a general sense, that the agricultural, manufactur 
ing, and industrial arts in America are, on the average, as fully devel- 
oped as they were a few years since in Europe, it is equally true that! 
Europe has advanced, and that the relative positions are not changed;, 
and the proof and consequence of this is, that America continues toj 
supply the raw materials and receive the manufactured products. 

"This exchange is profitable to both sides ; but as long as the skilled 
labor of one man exchanges for the unskilled labor of two men, the best 
of the bargain will be against us. 

u The glory or vanity which each nation may derive or display in 
exhibiting its products will result in nothing valuable if not united with 
the serious studies of competent men. And however large the field of 
investigation which the government may prescribe to the commission, I 
hope their particular attention may be directed to the investigation of 
methods and processes, at once the most difficult and the most useful of 
researches." 

Professor Joy to Mr. Derby. 

u Columbia College, Neiv York, December 6, 1865. 

u Dear Sir : In my letter of the 4th instant I spoke of the import- 
ance of the appointment by government of a scientific commission to 
report upon the Exposition of 1867, and I have since observed that Mr. 
Beckwith makes the same suggestion in his communication of April 3, 
1865. I am glad, therefore, that the idea is likely to take root and come 
to proper development. ' The ppointment of professional and scientific 
persons to study and aid in the preparation of a suitable report of the 
Exposition, to be subsequently published/ ought to be made as soon as 
Congress can act upon the matter. 

" The scientific committee will need much time for the consultation of 
the reports of previous exhibitions. They will desire to carry on exten- 
sive private correspondence, first, in this country, for the purpose of 
obtaining the most recent information upon matters relating to the 
numerous subjects likely to be presented to them for study; second, with 
foreign scientific and practical men in order to learn the best sources of 
information. Without great previous study no person could prepare a 
clear and luminous report of any portion of the Exposition which would 
be of practical value. A report must not be a catalogue ; it must sketch 
in a few words the history of the department under consideration, state 
its growth, point out its success, and give statistics and results in a way 
to enable any one, after reading the book, to invest money in new enter- 
prises without the loss attendant upon a long series of experiments. 

" These reports, in able hands, would become text-books for all 
branches of industry, and would tend to develop our resources as much 
as any papers Congress has as yet published. 

" All parts of the country are equally interested in the publication 






IMPORTANCE OF A SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION. 85 

* mil extensive circulation of such documents, and the wider this kind of 
knowledge is disseminated the better for the country. 
; " Let there be ten members of the scientific committee, corresponding 
to the ten groups of the Exposition, with power to appoint assistants 
where the amount of material is too great to be fully studied by one 
mind, viz: Committees on — 

"1. Works of art. 

"2. Materials and their applications in the liberal arts. 

" 3. Furniture and other objects used in dwellings. 

" 1. Garments, tissues for clothing, and other articles of wearing 
apparel. 

u a. Products, wrought or un wrought, of extractive industries. 

"6. Instruments and processes of common arts. 

11 7. Food, fresh and preserved, in various stages of preparation. 

"8. Animals and specimens of agricultural establishments. 

"9. Live products and specimens of horticultural establishments. 

" 10. Objects exhibited with a special view to the amelioration of the 
moral and physical condition of the population. 

" It is obvious that ten men could not do justice to all these subjects, 
but it would probably be better to refer the matter to that number of 
persons to collate and prepare for publication the reports of the assist- 
ants they may select, the number and compensation of such assistants 
to be fixed by the Commissioner. 

u By the early appointment of this committee of ten the Commissioner 
would have the advice and assistance of the ablest men in the country. 
He would be their presiding officer, if the committee were to be called 
together, and would have the right to call upon them for services at any 
time. * 

"I would suggest that the committee receive no compensation for their 
services further than a reimbursement of expenses actually incurred. 
For the purpose of control, let there be an amount fixed, beyond which 
expenses will not be paid. 

" The committee not being business men, could not take charge of the 
collection and shipment of goods, but they could greatly assist the agents 
of each State in bringing out the most characteristic and representative 
articles. The literary work of the commission could be divided among 
them, and thus matters would be greatly facilitated. 

u The members of the commission ought to be familiar with at least 
the French language. A knowledge of German would greatly aid in the 
preparation of a report, as the arts and manufactures of Germany as 
represented in the Exposition will, no doubt, equal in importance those 
of any other country. Immediately after Congress shall have made the 
necessary appropriations, the appointment of the scientific committee 
ought to be made by the Secretary of State, and the committee be 
accredited to the Imperial Commission in Paris, as the official scientific 
representatives of the government to the Exposition. 



86 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

" This committee would in no way interfere with the commissioners 
appointed by the various State executives, as their duties are of a differ- 
ent character. 

" I would confide to the committee a mission of a somewhat private 
character, viz: the duty of disseminating knowledge of our country for 
the purpose of encouraging emigration. 

"They could accomplish an important work by making known the ex- 
tent of unappropriated lands in this country, by editing short statements 
to be published in French, on sheets, and placed conveniently for every 
one to take a copy, and by writing articles for the newspapers. 

" The magnitude of the work expands before me as one idea follows 
another, but I believe I have hit upon the principal points, and I shall be 
gratified if the views here expressed meet with your approbation.' 7 

Mr. Bechwith to Mr. Seward. 

„ " Paris, December 31, 1865. 

" Sir : I had the honor to address you on the 14th instant, and took 
the liberty of making some suggestions on the subject of a scientific 
commission in connection with the Exposition of 1867. 

"I omitted on that occasion to allude to a consideration which I think 
of importance, viz : that the members of the scientific commission be 
paid for their services. 

There may be individuals who are competent and willing to serve 
without remuneration, but many of those who are best qualified by their 
attainments and studious habits for useful researches are actively 
employed. 

" The interruption of their engagements for a twelvemonth would be 
a matter of moment to them, and they are not in general men of fortune 
who could afford so large a contribution of time and labor gratuitously. 

" If therefore Congress omits to provide for their payment, the gov- 
ernment will be restricted in its selection to those alone who may volun- 
tarily offer their services. 

" Under these circumstances I should much fear that it would be 
impossible to form a commission prepared to devote themselves to the 
continuous labor and serious studies which are indispensable to render 
their researches thorough and entitle them to appear as a national work. 

" The labors of a competent commission could not fail to be of great 
value to the country, but an exhibition of products without a commis- 
sion, or an insufficient one, would be a vain, if not a useless display, 
because it would fail or fall short in its educational effects, which are the 
proper object of an exhibition. 

"Large sums are expended by civilized nations on voyages of geo- 
graphical exploration and discovery in all parts of the world, and with 
beneficial results. But scientific and industrial explorations among each 
other would yield still better results. 






IMPORTANCE OF A SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION. 87 

"A commission of this kind from Europe to America at the present 
day could not fail to bring" back a great deal of useful knowledge which 
does not now exist in Europe, and will be a long time in reaching here, 
but no such movement is contemplated. 

"The self-complacency of nations is in proportion to their unacquaint- 
ance with each other, and the aversions which spring from this are a 
great obstacle to ameliorations. 

4 'An evidence of this may be seen in the obstinate perpetuity of the 
cumbrous systems of weights, measures, and coins, the unification of 
which would promote the diffusion of statistical and economical knowl- 
edge, like a common language, simplify aud facilitate exchanges and 
commerce, diminish their cost, and produce savings of great aggregate 
importance. 

"But while the march of improvements in individual nations is con- 
stant and rapid, the transmission of those improvements from nation to 
nation is slow. 

" New knowledge of many kinds is a long time in getting into books, 
after which it may become an article of merchandise, but much always 
remains, less attractive as an object of commercial speculation, but more 
useful, and is left unwritten to make its way by indirect channels, cir- 
culating with persons and with the general movement of commercial 
intercourse. 

u The transmission might however be immediate and direct ; nothing 
is more practicable, and if international exhibitions should give rise to 
international scientific explorations they will have accomplished their 
highest function. 

" Scientific commissions may then supersede exhibitions, and divert 
the cost of them to less cumbrous and more effective methods, for these 
expensive collections of products, now so much in vogue and in fact so 
useful, are not indispensable to the investigations in question, but only 
necessary as leading to these researches which previously had no 
organized and established existence, and are still far from being per- 
fected. 

u It is thus evident, I think, that the real purpose and object of exhi- 
bitions cannot be attained without the aid of competent scientific com- 
missioners, and I hope the government and Congress will incline to this, 
view of the subject." 

THE ORGANIZATION AND DUTIES OF A SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION. 

Mr. Bed 1 with to Mr. Seward. 

u Paris, January 31, 1SCG. 

" Sir : The commissions constituted by the principal nations of Europe,, 

in connection with the Exposition, comprise fifty or sixty members each- 

They are divided into sub-committees, to which are attributed separate 

duties, such as the preliminary work of forming the exhibition, its sub- 



88 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

sequent installation and superintendence, serving on international juries, 
studying the Exposition in a scientific sense, and reporting upon it, &c. 

"The labors of these large commissions will be facilitated by their 
proximity to the work; that, and inexpensive journeys, with frequent 
and brief visits to the Exposition, will enable them to make observa- 
tions and memoranda which can be elaborated and perfected at home in 
their respective residences, surrounded by the conveniences of libraries, 
apparatus, and the aids pertaining to their habitual occupations. The 
large personal and office expenses necessary to the prolonged residence 
in Paris of a commission so numerous will be thus diminished. But 
this method is not fully applicable to the United States, and I have not 
thought it expedient on this occasion to ask for so large an appropria- 
tion as a continued residence of a commission so numerous would 
require. Very good results may be obtained at less cost. 

" The resolutions presented to Congress on the 21st of December pro- 
posed appropriations for a scientific commission of ten members, corre- 
sponding to the ten groups of products. But this number, unassisted, 
will not be sufficient. It will devolve on them not only to make the 
requisite studies and reports, but to serve on international juries. The 
latter service, indeed, though requiring much time, will afford them the 
best opportunities for information resulting from the investigations, 
experiments, and discussions of the juries. But they will not be equal to 
the work without assistants, and they can be obtained at moderate cost. 

" The services of scientific and professional assistants, draughtsmen, 
&c, can be engaged, whose special studies, colloquial knowledge of 
continental languages, familiarity with the continental nomenclature 
of the sciences and industrial arts, together with their personal acquaint- 
ances, access to sources of information, and works of authority and 
local knowledge in general, will render their services as assistants 
highly efficient. The Scientific Commission, thus supplemented, will be 
equal to the work required of it, and more useful labor can be accom- 
plished at less cost in this way than in any other. 

u I take the liberty, therefore, to recommend this subject to the con- 
sideration of the government, and to suggest that discretion be given 
to the Scientific Commission within such limits of expenditure as the 
government may determine. First, to accept of such professional assist- 
ants as may voluntarily offer without pay, for a long or short period of 
time ; and secondly, to employ professional assistants, and pay them for 
their services. 

" With regard to the management of the exhibition, it will be doubtless 
placed, in a general sense, in charge of the General Commission, which 
will comprise the Special Agent, the Commissioner General, and the 
Scientific Commission; and the work could be conveniently divided 
among them as follows : 

" The minister of the United States, being the Special Agent, should 
preside at the opening ceremonies of the Exposition, and continue to be 






IMPORTANCE OF A SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION. 89 

the channel of communication between the United States Commission 
and the French government. 

" The Scientific Commission should undertake the scientific researches 
and reports; also the jury duties and the various experiments, essays, 
and trials of machinery, &c, which inay be invited, or which they may 
institute, and, in addition, should he charged with advisory duties, 
which will be hereinafter mentioned. 

u The Commissioner General should be charged with the general 
superintendence and care of the exhibition, and with the disbursement 
and accounts, and he will be the channel of communication between the 
United States Commission and the Imperial Commission, as provided 
by the imperial regulations. 

"The numerous national exhibitions will all be conducted in conformity, 
first, with the imperial regulations ; and, secondly, in conformity with their 
own regulations, respectively, which will be supplementary to the imperial 
regulations. The imperial regulations (for example) make a general 
provision for a police applicable to persons and property, and a guard 
for the protection of property ; but much detail is left to the commis- 
sioners general, respectively, to provide for the daily sweeping, cleaning, 
aud proper condition of their respective sections ; in providing experts, 
linguists, &c, in case of need, to attend in the compartments for the 
safety of property, and to give such explanations and information 
respecting products as may be necessary or desirable. All details of 
this kind — and they are numerous — are left to the respective commis- 
sioners general, and both the work and employes required are under 
their orders, subject to the imperial regulations. 

" Preparations should be made in advance by the Commissioner Gen- 
eral for the reception and bonding of the products on their arrival, for 
their inland transport and installation in the Exposition, where they 
will remain in his charge during the Exposition, and finally at its close 
be returned by him to the United States, or delivered to owners who 
may apply for them here, they first paying the duties and charges, and 
releasing them from bond, at which point the control and responsibility 
of the United States government will cease. 

" The suggestions above made in regard to employes to take care of, 
or to give explanations to visitors in regard to, any products in particular 
which may require it, are not intended to prevent exhibitors ; but, on 
the coutrary, exhibitors should be invited to be present at all times them- 
selves, or to provide at their own expense proper persons to take care 
of, expose, and explain their own products, as their interest may require 
such service, being subject to the general regulations. 

" The expenses of scientific assistants and other details, herein alluded 
to, will not, in my judgment, involve further appropriations of money 
than I have heretofore suggested, should the larger sums named be pro- 
vided. 

"The foregoing suggestions are made in view of the imperial regula- 



,90 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

tions, and are so modified as to be in conformity with them, and at the 
same time to provide for the actual necessities of the Exposition, and for 
the execution of the work proposed to be done." 

SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION UPON WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND COINS. 

Mr. BecJcwith to Mr. Seward. 

" Paris, June 29, 1866. 

li Sir : I had the honor to address you on the 14th December last in 
relation to the Scientific Commission formed by the French government 
and charged with various labors. The commission was directed in 
particular to prordote international co-operation in the propagation of 
the use of new and important discoveries, and for the adoption of a 
uniform system of weights, measures, and coins. 

" I beg now to advise you of the steps which have since been taken. 
At the instance of the Imperial Commission meetings have been held, 
composed of members of the Scientific Commission, the Imperial Com- 
mission, and the foreign commissioners, for the purpose of consultation 
regarding proper measures to be adopted in connection with the Exposi- 
tion of 1867, for drawing public attention to the subject of uniformity in 
weights, measures, and coins. 

u The following suggestions were made by the English scientific as- 
sociation and approved by the meetings : 

" 1st. To form a collection of the weights, measures, and coins of all 
nations, to be exhibited in the Palace, of the Universal Exposition of 
1887. 

" 2d. To organize an international committee charged especially with 
the formation and exhibition of this collection of weights, measures, and 
coins, and to devise the most efficacjous methods of promoting uni- 
formity. 

" 3d. In accordance with these views the Imperial Commission appro- 
priated the space requisite for the exhibition of weights and coins in the 
Exposition palace, and formed a special committee connected with their 
Scientific Commission, which special committee is the commencement of 
the International committee alluded to to be charged with the subject. 

" I annex hereto three documents, numbered 1, 2, and 3. 

" No. 1 contains a brief report of the preliminary meetings before 
mentioned. 

" No. 2 contains the approval of the proceedings of the minister of 
state, and a decree constituting a special committee, giving the names 
and professions of the persons appointed, which committee forms the 
nucleus of the International Committee on Weights, Coins, &c, to be 
constituted. 

" No. 3 is a letter from this special committee asking my adhesion to 
the project in principle, and desiring me to take the further necessary 
proceedings. 



WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND COINS. 91 

u It will be observed that article five of the decree provides that addi- 
tional members may be added to the International Committee by the 
foreign commissioners of those nations which take part. in the exhibition 
of weights, measures, and coins. 

" At the particular request of the Imperial Commission I now present 
the subject for the consideration of the government of the United States, 
and respectfully solicit their cooperation in the formation of the col- 
lection of national weights, measures, and coins to be exhibited, and in 
appointing or authorizing the appointment of commissioners to be added 
to the International Committee above named, and charged with the par- 
ticular business herein described. 

" I have read with great pleasure the recent proceedings in the House 
of Representatives relating to the introduction of the metrical decimal 
system into the United States, and I observe that those proceedings 
provide for a commission to be charged with the subject of a common 
unit of coin. 

" If the general purposes and method of proceeding herein reported 
receive the approval of the government, I would venture to suggest that 
the commissioner to be appointed under the congressional authority 
alluded to be directed to prepare the proposed exhibition of weights, 
measures, and coins, and that he be nominated to the aforesaid Interna- 
tional Committee. 

" This arrangement will place the commissioner at once in direct 
relation with professional and learned persons occupied with coinage 
and analogous subjects, and best qualified to co-operate Avith him in the 
accomplishment of his particular object. 

"The committee is now organized according to the usual forms on this 
side, to give additional weight to its proceedings, and it is probable that 
its numbers and nationalities will be increased to an extent that will 
comprise much ability and appropriate knowledge, and produce an 
influence favorable to the objects of its labor." 

Mr. Beclcicith to Mr. Seward. 

" Paris, July 17, 18GG. 

" Sir : I had the honor to address you on the 29th June, with docu- 
ments relating to weights, measures, and coins. 

" I beg now to wait on you with two legislative documents wdrich are 
of interest. 

" Document No. 216 contains the project of a law emanating from the 
council of state, and submitted for the consideration of the Corps Legis- 
latif, which is designed to place the coinage of the empire in harmony 
with the recent monetary convention between Fiance, Belgium, Italy, 
and Switzerland, and gives an exposition of the motives of the conven- 
tion and the law. , 

" Document No. 282 contains the report of the committee of the Corps 
Legislatif on the proposed law, suggests amendment, and presents the 



S2 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

law as finally adopted, on the 13tli June, 18(36, together with the mone- 
tary convention. 

u It results from these proceedings that a uniform system of coinage 
is established in the four countries named — uniform as regards the unit, 
the metallic standards, and the value of the pieces to be coined Each 
country retains the double standard of gold and silver, with the relative 
value of 1 to 15J. 

u The composition of gold coin remains in the proportion of ( T 9 5 ) nine 
parts of fine gold to one of alloy, and the coinage of gold is restricted 
to pieces of the value of one hundred francs, fifty francs, twenty francs, 
ten francs, and five francs. 

"The composition of the silver five-franc pieces remains in the jiropor- 
tion of ( t 9 q ) nine parts fine silver to one of alloy ; but the composition of 
silver coin of smaller values is reduced from t 9 q to T *o 3 o 5 o? (^35 parts fine 
silver to 165 parts of alloy,) a reduction in value of about seven per cent* 

" The coinage of this class is restricted to pieces of the value of two 
francs, one franc, fifty centimes, and twenty centimes, and limited in 
amount to six francs per head of population, which should give about 
32,000,000 francs for Belgium, 239,000,000 francs for France, 141,000,000 
francs for Italy, and 17,000,000 francs for Switzerland. 

" This inferior money is a legal tender between individuals to the 
amount of fifty francs in a single payment, and receivable for dues to 
the government without limit. It follows from these measures that the 
unit of the monetary system (one franc of the standard of ^ ) will cease 
to be coined - but it retains a nominal existence; it remains money of 
account and is still the unit of the monetary system, and the measure of 
all values, though it has no material existence except in its multiples, of 
which the quintuple or five-franc piece is the smallest coin. 

" The reduction in the value of small silver coin brings the standard 
of this class in harmony, I believe, with the small silver coin of the 
United States, under the law of 1850. If this be so, the metallic stand- 
ards both of the gold and silver coin of the United States are now in 
harmony with those of the four countries named, and the standards 
being in harmony and the system all decimalized, it only remains to har- 
monize the coin in order to produce reciprocal circulation. For this pur- 
pose a common unit does not appear to me to be necessary. However 
numerous the systems, if the standards are equal and the system deci- 
malized, it is only necessary that the unit of each be capable of expres- 
sion in the multiples or sub-multiples of the others to produce the uni- 
formity of coinage requisite for reciprocal circulation. 

"Coining a unit of either system will then be, of necessity, coining at 
the same time a unit multiple — a sub-multiple of all the systems — and 
these conditions are much easier of attainment than a common unit. 
For is it of moment what names may be given to coin in different coun- 
tries, nor how numerous the varieties, or various their values ; they will 
all be aliquot decimal parts of a common system, the coin of each refer- 



WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND COINS. 93 

able to tlie unit of its own system, and referable with equal facility to 
the multiples or sub-multiples of the units of the other systems. 

a To attain this result, no substitution of the unit of one country for 
that of another country is needed, because no common unit is required. 
That great difficulty may be obviated by very slight modifications of 
existing units, and modification is the easy way of all reforms. 

"Our gold dollar, for example, is equal to 517 centimes; a reduction 
of seventeen centimes (3J cents) would leave it an exact multiple of the 
French unit, or franc, and the equivalent of five francs. A reduction of 
twelve centimes (2 J cents) in the value of the British sovereign would 
leave it a multiple of the franc, and the equivalent of twenty-five francs, 
and consequently a multiple of the dollar, and equivalent to five dollars, 
nearly. 

"In like manner, a small change in the standard of British gold — from 
fooo *° T 9 o°(jV — would complete the uniformity of the standard of gold 
coin; for nearly the whole civilized world, except England, has adopted 
the standard of -£- . 

k - Modifications of this kind are not difficult ; they are common. They 
produce no inconvenience to the public ; they do not disturb business, 
nor trench upon prejudices ; they come in almost imperceptibly, and in 
this case would leave the unit of each national system, the great tra- 
ditional measure of value, in effect undisturbed, with all their mottoes, 
emblems, and effigies, and with all the impregnable habits of mind, and 
even the superstitions, which cluster around them. 

"The tenacity with which nations and peoples hold to their traditional 
measures of value is remarkable, and, whether it springs from a principle 
or a prejudice, it is a fact so firmly fixed that it is difficult to eradicate; 
nor is it worth the labor, if a common language of values can be other- 
wise attained." 

Mr. Beclzwitli to Mr. Seward. 

"Parts, September G, 18GG. 

"Sir: I have not been informed whether the government would con- 
sent to participate in the proceedings proposed in my letter of the 29th 
June, relative to weights, measures, and coins. 

" I beg now to place before you a letter on the subject from M. Mathieu, 
president of the committee, together with a plan of the proposed struc- 
ture for the international exposition of weights, measures, and coins, 
with explanations relating to the proposed collection. 

"I took leave to suggest in my previous letter that the commissioner 
charged with the subject of a common unit of coin might advantageously 
be associated with this committee. 

"I have not been able to learn whether such a commissioner was 
appointed by Congress; but I think it would be useful to take part in 
the proposed exhibition and in the proceedings of the international com- 
mittee. 



94 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

" The expense on this side, as set forth in the accompanying papers, 
is small, (about $300,) and I cannot doubt that some member of the 
commission for the Exposition already named would like to be charged 
with the exhibition of weights, measures, and coins, and be added to 
the international committee alluded to, if the government thinks proper 
to make this appointment. 

" I trust your excellency will think favorably of this proposal, and 
enable me to inform M. Mathieu of the co-operation of the government 
of the United States in the useful aims of this commission." 

M . Mathieu to Mr. Beckwith. l 

"Paris, September 4, 1866. 

"Sir: In reference to our circular of the 25th June, relative to the 
international exhibition of measures, weights, and coins, I have the 
honor to send you, in the name of the committee, a project to fix the 
participation requested of each country, and respectfully ask you to sub- 
mit it to the United States Commission, with the following explanations : 

" This project was examined on the 25th instant at a conference in 
which the commissioners and delegates present in Paris took part, and 
the discussion showed the necessity of the concurrence of twenty states 
or groups of states, and the great probability that this participation 
would be obtained by reason of the importance of bringing together all 
the bases of exchange. 

"The outside estimate is 30,000 francs, and the expense of installment 
is 1,500 francs for each state. 

"The Imperial Commission gives this assessment for France, and, as 
the spaces for the different states are to be of the same dimensions, the 
committee proposes to guarantee the same quota of 1,500 francs to the 
United States Commission. 

" The site for the special exhibition of measures, weights, and coins 
is isolated, (in the center of the grand entry,) and the Imperial Com- 
mission needs all information as soon as possible, to settle it definitely ; 
and the construction of the tower of iron and glass must be executed 
with all the carefulness required by its destination and situation, so as 
to be one of the first objects that strikes the view of visitors. 

"It is, therefore, highly necessary to arrive at a definite conclusion 
immediately, and we request the United States Commission to inform 
us of its decision as soon as possible. 

" The inclosed photograph shows the nature of the building planned 
by the committee. The detailed programme of the series of measures, 
weights, and coins to be sent, will, of course, be considered hereafter by 
the full committee. In order to arrange this programme, as well as to 
fix the details of installment, it is desirable for the United States to 
appoint a person to represent them in the committee, and we request 

1 Translation. 



WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND COINS. 95 

that lie be designated, and his name sent to ns when the terms of our 
proposition are accepted. 

" In regard to the series of weights and measures, in case the United 
States Commission will immediately collect a set, we must recommend 
the most common form, made, however, with the greatest possible care, 
so that the result of the comparison of the series in 18G7, without pre- 
tending to the degree of exactness of scientific comparisons on legal 
standards, may offer that precision required in the practice of commer- 
cial exchanges. 

"As to coins, it is only necessary to exhibit a double series of the cur- 
rent coin of the latest issue. 

" International exhibition of measures, weights, and coins. — 
The exhibition is to take place in a glazed iron tower, accessible from 
the inside and outside. It is divided vertically into twenty equal sec- 
tions, allotted to the different states or groups of states. The frieze 
and cornice have each section ornamented with the arms, emblems, and 
colors of the different countries. A double stairway will lead from the 
interior to the balconies of the first and second story. The ground-floor 
is for measures, weights, and coins. Measures of length are placed ver- 
tically in a circular rack near the partition. The weights are placed 
on pyramid stands. The coins, in a double series, for the face and 
reverse, are placed in frames against the wall, on a level with the 
eyes ; and the shelf marked 4 displays the same coins of different 
countries on the same level. Measures of capacity occupy the base- 
ment. Eoad and field measures can be represented on the floor of the 
outside gallery in a uniform reduced scale. 

" The first story is appropriated to paper money and documents. 
Paper money, postage stamps, and trade marks are placed on the walls. 
The inside of the glazed partitions has shelves or frames for pictures, 
manuals, and documents of all kinds relating to systems of measures, 
weights, and coins, and to methods of conversion. 

" The second story is for measures of angles and time. Angular divi- 
sions of the circle and sphere are represented upon a globe, and the cir- 
cles supporting it ; and if any exhibitor will take the expense of making 
a clock, the globe turning on its axis may serve for it, with two hands 
and a dial at the poles indicating the hours from noon to sunrise. The 
glazed cage surmounted by the globe contains the calendars and 
almanacs. The portions of the world where the different systems of 
measures, weights, and coins are used are shown by different colors 
upon the globe." 

Mr. Seward to Mr. Beckwitli. 

" Department of State, October 4, 1866. 
" Sir : I have to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 
6th ultimo, relative to the proposed participation by the United States 



96 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

in the proceedings described in yonr letter to me of the 29th of Jnne 
last, for the promotion of the adoption of a nniform system of weights, 
measures, and coins. 

" I have to inform you in reply, that Samuel B. E aggies, esq., one of 
the ten scientific commissioners, will be charged with the subject of a 
common unit of coin, and will be authorized to co-operate with the com- 
mittee, of which M. Mathieu is president, in the manner which you sug» 
gest. 

"Mr. Euggles represented the United States at the late statistical 
congress at Berlin, and has already been in correspondence with the 
international committe, organized on that occasion, upon this important 
subject, to which he has devoted much study. A copy of your com- 
munication now under reply will be forwarded to him, and he will be 
requested to enter into correspondence with you. Any letter addressed 
to him, which may be sent to the care of Mr. Derby, the general agent 
at New York, will reach his hands." 

Mr. Seward to Mr. Buggies. 

" Department of State, October 9, 1866. 

" Sir : You are hereby officially designated to take charge of that 
branch of the representation of the United States which relates to the 
question of the adoption of a uniform system of weights, measures, and 
coins, and you are authorized to co-operate with the committee, of which 
M. Mathieu is chairman, in the manner suggested in Mr. Beckwith's dis- 
patch of the 6th ultimo. You will enter at once into correspondence 
with Mr. Beck with on the subject." 

Mr. Buggies to Mr. Seivard. 

"New York, December 20, 1866. 
"Sir: The Department of State having designated the undersigned, 
by written instructions of the 9th of October last, ' to take charge of that 
branch of the representation at the Universal Exposition at Paris, in 
1867, which relates to the question of a uniform system of weights, 
measures, and coins,' and i to co-operate with the special committee ap- 
pointed by the government of France, of which M. Mathieu (member of 
the Bureau of Longitudes) is chairman,' the undersigned, on the 13th of 
October last, in entering on the discharge of the special duty thus com- 
mitted to him, asked leave, in his communication of that date to the 
Department of State, to 'invoke the co-operation of any or all of the 
eminent individuals with whom he is associated in the commission au- 
thorized by Congress.' The Department having approved this request, 
the undersigned has invited the counsel and co-operation of Mr. James 
H. Alexander, of Maryland, be being one of the twenty commissioners 
appointed by the President of the United States. This selection was 
made in view of the pre-eminent qualifications of Mr. Alexander, in his 



97 

well-known scientific attainments, and his long and careful study of the 
particular subject of uniform weights, measures, and coins, so fully 
manifested in the published works which he has already given to the 
world, 

"It is gratifying to add that the association of Mr. Alexander in this 
important duty has met the special approbation of the honorable Mr. 
McCullocb, Secretary of the Treasury, who has given permission to carry 
to Paris, for exhibition, the standards of national weights and measures 
now in charge of the Superintendent of the Coast Survey, with such of 
the balances and other scientific apparatus as may be needed for their 
full illustration. A similar application will be made to the Director of 
the Mint for a series of all our national coins now in actual use, to which 
it is proposed by the undersigned to add, with the aid and co-operation 
of Mr. Alexander, a full collection of all our former coins, particularly 
including those which were issued by the separate States during the 
period in our national history preceding the adoption of the articles of 
confederation in 1781, and reaching back, as far as practicable, into our 
colonial era. 

"Such an exhibition, it is believed, will conclusively show the value 
of our united government in unifying or extinguishing the multiform 
aud widely varying measures of money, which otherwise would have 
overspread our continental republic from ocean to ocean. It will do 
more : it will demonstrate, by visible example, the transcendent import- 
ance of the higher problem of unifying the varying coins of the numer- 
ous nations of the civilized world, which is to be discussed in the coming 
concourse at Paris. 

"In that discussion the salutary influence of our 'Old Confederation/ 
followed by the American Union, in simplifying the coins of our Western 
World, will doubtless be considered in comparison with the recent politi- 
cal consolidation of Northern Germany, under the guiding hand of Bis- 
marck, and its probable effects in reducing the heterogeneous coinage 
of that hitherto fragmentary portion of Europe to one common national 
system. 

" Without entering prematurely into the broad field of scientific in- 
quiry embraced in the subject of uniform weights, measures, and coins, 
it will be evident that many questions must arise, not only scientific, but 
commercial and political in character. Especially must this be the case 
with respect to a uniform coin or unit of money, in the adjustment of 
which commercial habits and national prejudices must inevitably modify 
any decision on grounds purely scientific. 

"The general proposition that the prosperity and civilization of man- 
kind would be greatly advanced by the use of a common coin of uniform 
fineness, no one will deny ; but we shall be met at the threshold by the 
question, what shall be the weight of this unit of money ; and especially 
by the inquiry, from which of the various systems of coinage now in use 
by the different nations shall that unit be selected % not to speak of a 
7 P E 



98 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

proposition which may be presented for a new unit wholly irrespective 
of any existing system. 

" These questions were discussed at considerable length in the Inter- 
national Statistical Congress at Berlin, in 1863, but were found so diffi- 
cult of solution that a l special congress ? was recommended by that as- 
sembly, at which they might be more carefully and deliberately exam- 
ined. The disturbed state of the interior of Europe, with other causes, 
has hitherto prevented the convocation of this 'special congress j ? but it 
is hoped and expected that the 'concourse of nations 7 at the coming 
Exposition at Paris will practically afford the opportunity for such a 
convention. 

"Froin present indications it is fully evident that the projects to be 
proposed by scientific men from different portions of the world, pro- 
foundly involving not only the value but the accuracy of the present 
metre, will be numerous and conflicting ; but it is probable, to say the 
least, that the discussion will at last be practically narrowed to the sin- 
gle inquiry : Shall the British pound sterling, or the French franc, or the 
German thaler, or the Bussian ruble, or the American dollar, be selected 
as the common unit of money ? 

"In deciding such a question, necessarily involving so much of na- 
tional feeling, we shall need at Paris something more than abstract 
science. We shall need the counsel and co-operation to their full extent 
of our most eminent bankers, ship-owners, merchants, and manufactur- 
ers. It is true that their opinions, with some of the results of their 
varied experience, might be partially collected by active correspondence ; 
but all such opinions should be subjected to the legitimate and modify- 
ing influence of personal conference and mutual comx>arison in actual 
open convention. 

"In many respects it is to be regretted that the joint resolution of 
Congress under which the United States Commission to Paris has been 
appointed should have expressly excluded members of Congress, and 
4 every person holding an appointment or office of honor or trust under 
the United States j ? thereby depriving the country of the services of all 
the members of the national legislature, and of many others in public 
employment, civil and military, whose counsel and co-operation would 
have been in the highest degree valuable and important. Without any 
invidious distinction we may surely refer to the chairmen of the proper 
committees in the Senate and in the House of Bepresentatives, whose 
experience and well-directed intelligence recently carried through the 
present Congress the important acts for the partial establishment in the 
United States of the 'metric system,' commencing, in truth, a new era 
in our commercial history. 

"The undersigned would, therefore, venture respectfully to suggest, 
in behalf of himself and any other commissioner or commissioners asso- 
ciated or to be associated with him on this special committee, the expe- 
diency and propriety of their being allowed, under proper limitations, 



QUALIFICATIONS OF COMMISSIONERS. 99 

to invite the co-operation as associates in the committee of at least five 
of their fellow-countrymen of well-established ability, and not included 
in the present commission. 

"It will be seen at page 56 of the third supplemental circular, pub- 
lished by the Department of State, that the special committee appointed 
by the imperial government embraces five distinguished individuals ; 
four of whom are members of the Institute of France, and one an assay er 
in the mint. In justice to the special committee to represent the United 
States, it ought to embrace at least an equal number. 

" A similar suggestion for increasing the numbers in all the branches 
of the national representation at Paris will be found in an able and in- 
teresting letter from Abram S. Hewitt, esq., of New York, one of the 
best informed and most intelligent manufacturers in our country, a copy 
of which is herewith furnished. Its clearly-conceived and well-expressed 
convictions, as well as the facts adduced in illustration, are well worthy 
of the attention of the commissioners, if not of the government. They 
are certainly in harmony with the general wish and expectation of the 
patriotic and far-seeing citizens of the United States that the opportu- 
nity so unusual, afforded by this Universal Exposition, the great occa- 
sion of the present century not only for exhibiting to the world the varied 
elements of our national strength, but for vastly increasing their value 
by careful study and full reports of the industries of other and older 
nations, may not be lost through any want of prompt and adequate sup- 
port by the government of the United States." 

Mr. Hewitt to Mr. Ruggles. 

"New York, December 18, 1866. 

"My Dear, Sir: I have found no time to make a suitable reply to 
your request that I would give you my views as to the best mode of 
making the coming Exposition of Industry, at Paris, of real value to the 
people of the United States. I cannot, however, allow the opportunity 
to pass without submitting briefly a few suggestions, which your own 
experience will enforce in the proper quarters. 

" These international exhibitions of industry are peculiar to the present 
age, and a practical recognition of the claims of labor on the attention 
of governments, as the real foundation of national greatness. To the 
people of the United States they have a special interest, as marking the 
steady progress in Europe of the cardinal ideas which underlie our polit- 
ical system. 

"But in addition to this rather theoretical view of their significance, 
these exhibitions are of the greatest practical importance to us, if we 
avail ourselves of all the advantages which they offer. 

" First an opportunity is offered to make known to the intelligence 
and capital of Europe the great natural advantages of this continent, for 
the cheap production of the great staples of human industry. The Expo- 



100 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

sition collects together, at one time and in one place, the most intelligent 
and enterprising men of all nations, who come either as commissioners 
or visitors. There is unusual freedom from restraint in personal inter- 
course, and more can be imparted and secured in a few months than 
could otherwise be possible with years of effort. 

" However great may ha\e been our need heretofore for capital and 
skilled labor to develop our resources, the late civil war has left one-half 
of the country in so devastated a state that our existing means are totally 
inadequate to the work of restoration. We want labor, skill, and capi- 
tal from abroad, in order to restore the l waste places' of the South at the 
earliest possible moment. 

"The resources of the Southern States, especially in the way of coal 
and iron, are almost unknown in Europe, and but little understood even 
at home. There will not be another opportunity for ten years to bring 
this knowledge to the comprehension of Europe, and to lose ten years in 
the present age is to throw away an empire. It is, therefore, a matter of 
the highest national concern that the commissioners who represent this 
country shall be able to make known to the representatives of other na- 
tions the immense natural resources which in this country, and espe- 
cially in the Southern States, offer such rich rewards to enterprise and 
capital. 

" Secondly, the commissioners should be men of such technical knowl- 
edge in the various departments of industry that all improvements can 
be detected, described, and imparted by proper drawings and models to 
our own mechanics who cannot visit the Exposition. It is, doubtless, 
unreasonable to expect to secure such an official representation as would 
best accomplish this object ; but power should be given to the board of 
commissioners appointed by the general government to add to theii 
number the name of every American of special technical knowledge who 
either expects to visit the Exposition, or will agree to do so if appointed. 

"This is not only just and proper, and in accordance with the spirit 
of our institutions, but in no other way can the results of the Exposition 
be made of permanent value to this country. Every such commissioner 
would, of course, be detailed to examine the special department with 
which he is conversant, and make a full and accurate report of the result 
of his observations. In this way it is reasonable to expect that the whole 
ground will be covered ; and the reports, when collected and published, 
will convey to the nation a larger amount of technical knowledge than 
could be procured in any other way. 

"It is idle to expect that mere visitors, as such, will either procure or 
make known this information. I was a visitor at the English exhibition 
of 18G2. I was free to examine the results of labor, skill, and ingenuity 
which were there collected together. But to understand the processes 
by which these results were procured, it was necessary to visit the work- 
shops and the factories. To mere visitors those places were closed, but 
to commissioners every door was open. At Sheffield, for example, I had 



IMPORTANCE OF SPECIAL TECHNICAL REPORTS. 101 

the greatest possible difficulty in getting access to the establishments 
where the new processes for making steel were carried on ; and several 
times, when I was pleading my claims for admission, I saw foreign com- 
missioners admitted, with smiling faces, on the mere production of their 
letters of appointment. 

"Allow me to say that there is no branch of business, however trivial, 
which will not be greatly benefited by a knowledge of the methods em- 
ployed abroad in the same department of industry. The nation that pos- 
sesses the best tools and the best processes will be the most powerful and the 
most highly civilized. This is the true explanation of the present position 
of Great Britain. Her commercial supremacy rests on her steamships, 
and the superiority of these ships is due to her tools and her skill in 
using them. Great Britain builds the best engines, and hence her indus- 
try is more thoroughly and economically administered than that of any 
other country. We want the knowledge, and we want it diffused over 
all departments of business in which our people are employed. For 
want of this knowledge we are always years in arrear of our foreign com- 
petitors, even in the processes which affect the production of staple raw 
materials, such as iron, wool, silk, and even cotton. 

"In Sweden the use of sulphury ores has been made practicable by a 
new process of roasting. Here they are totally rejected, and it is gener- 
ally supposed that they cannot be used, and yet the Swedish process will 
greatly enlarge the business here, and reduce the cost of making iron. 
Again, the Bessemer process makes but slow progress here, from want 
of the proper and accurate knowledge of the results in Europe. We lose 
every day by the delay, and this lack of knowledge extends to nearly 
every branch of business. 

"Hence I urge — and this is the main object of this hasty and imper- 
fect letter — that you will press on Congress the propriety of giving the 
commissioners power to add to their number all such persons as may 
have special technical skill, who will agree to go to Paris at their own 
cost, and prepare for the commission a full and accurate report on the 
special department for which the appointment is made." 

In compliance with a resolution of the Senate of the 19th December, 
1866, the x>rogress made in collecting the products, and the weights, 
measures, and coins of the United States, for exhibition, was reported 
by the Secretary of State, and transmitted in a message of the Presi- 
dent, January 18, 1867, and was published. 1 A portion of the foregoing 
correspondence is reprinted from that document. Other letters from 
Mr. Buggies will there be found, and a full report from him upon 
the proceedings of the committee on weights, measures and coins, and 
of the International Monetary Conference, was transmitted by the De- 
partment to the Senate, December 17, 18G7, in compliance with the reso- 
lution of the 6th of December. 2 The subject has also been more fully re- 
viewed and discussed in the Beport upon the Precious Metals. 

1 Senate Ex. Doc. No. 5, 39th Congress, 2d session. 

2 Senate Ex. Doc. Xo. 14, 40th Congress, 2d session. 



102 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

CATALOGUE A1STD STATISTICS. 
Mr. Beckwifli to Mr. Seward. 

"Paris. July 31, 1866. 

"I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 7th 
instant, with a copy of the resolution of Congress No. 52, a copy of the 
circular of the Department of State of the 6th July, addressed to the 
governors of States, and directions for me to make provision for the re- 
ception of such additional products as may be sent in to Mr. Derby 
hereafter. 

a I have, in conformity, explained the situation to the Imperial Com- 
mission. They expressed the opinion that the latest date which could 
be safely given for closing the catalogue would be the 1st September, 
but they finally consented to the loth September. I have, therefore, 
agreed to close the catalogue on the loth September, and to deliver it to 
them on or before the 1st October, and have advised Mr. Derby of this 
agreement. 

u It was feared that default would occur with Prussia and Austria, 
but the catalogue of the former was sent in a few days since, and the 
catalogue of Austria came in to-day, one hundred and seventy pages, 
well arranged and well printed." 

PREPARATION OF A STATISTICAL SUMMARY. 

Mr. BecJcwith to Mr. Seward. 

"Paris, September 22, 1866. 

" The annexed letter from M. Le Play, conseiller d'etat, proposes the 
publication, in connection with the catalogues of the Exposition, of brief 
statistical information, which will be useful and interesting. 

"The statements desired can probably be compiled, from materials in 
the Department of the Interior, in a short space of time and without 
great labor, as they will not require new researches. It is unnecessary 
to follow exactly the programme presented $ statements which cannot 
be conveniently and readily made, such as the one which I have marked 
fourth, may be omitted; others thought useful may be added; and I 
would suggest, in addition, a synopsis of the present national banking 
system, which is a new institution worthy of notice. 

" The opportunity thus presented of diffusing among the people sta- 
tistical knowledge regarding the United States, authenticated by the 
government and sanctioned by imperial authority on this side, is rare, 
and I hope it will be considered, in your estimation, of sufficient import- 
ance to warrant the preparation of the requisite statements, and that 
they may be made as soon as possible, on account of the time required 
for translations and printing and the short period which remains for it." 






CATALOGUES, AND STATISTICAL INFORMATION. 103 

M, Le Play to Mr. Beokwith. 1 

"Paris, September 14, 18GG. 

u I had the honor to address you on the 24th August, with specimens 
of the general catalogue of the Exposition. 

"The Imperial Commission now desires to add to the catalogue of each 
country statistical information relative to the territory, population, pro- 
ductive force, naval force, military force, and financial organization. 

u In connection with the minister of agriculture, commerce, and pub- 
lic works, the Imperial Commission is now preparing for France a simi- 
lar statement, which may serve as a programme for other couutrics, as 
follows : 

"Territory. — Geographical position. Seas, mountains, and princi- 
pal rivers. Administrative divisions and principal cities. Superficial 
area; development of coasts and frontiers; extent of principal basins or 
valleys. Ways of communication — extent of roads; railroads and tele- 
graphs ; canals and navigable rivers ; surface and circumference of lakes 
and inland seas. 

"Population. — Whole population; population by race, sex, and 
religion ; by language, professions, and occupations ; population of prin- 
cipal cities ; average increase of population since 1855 ; emigration and 
immigration. 

" Productive force. — Quantity and value of the annual products 
of agriculture, of forests, of hunting and fishing, of mines and minerals, 
of textiles, and of manufactures of various kinds. 

" C o:\r\iERCE. — Actual value of imports consumed in the country; 
value of exports being the produce of the country ; aggregate imports 
and aggregate exports. 

" Interior transportation. — Transportation on roads, canals, 
rivers, interior seas, and lakes ; coasting trade; railroad traffic ; number 
of letters and number of telegraphic messages. 

" Maritoie navigation. — Number and tonnage of vessels entered 
and cleared under the national flag; the same under foreign flags. 

" Army. — Effective force of standing army and of militia. 

"Marine. — Personal force and material force of the navy and of the 
mercantile marine. 

"Finance. — Receipts and expenditures forming the budget of the 
state ; local receipts and expenditures of states, provinces, departments, 
and communes. 

" This programme contains the elements necessary to a comparison, in 
an economical point of view, of the relative force and wealth of nations 

Fourth. "Nevertheless, to respond more fully to the idea of the Em- 
peror, who has instituted a new Order of Recompenses for the Exposi- 
tion of 18G7, it will be useful to add to the above statistical information 
a succinct account of any special industrial institutions which have 
developed, in a remarkable manner, harmony among the different 

1 Translation. 



104 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

classes of producers, and the material, moral, and intellectual well- 
being of the workmen. 

"The Imperial Commission thinks, Monsieur le commissaire, that 
the United States will be willing to prepare, by the 1st of October, a 
statement on the basis analogous to that which I now have the honor to 
present to you, adopted by France. 

u A collection of similar documents relative to each country will prove 
a useful complement to the catalogues, for the study of visitors to the 
Exposition. 

" I have only to add that the intention is not a voluminous work, but 
a short notice, and the more summary, the better it will enter into our 
plans." 

PRINTING AND PUBLICATION OP THE CATALOGUES. 

Mr. Beckwitli to Mr. Seward. 

u Paris, January 18, 1867. 

u Sir : The publication of catalogues of the Exposition being a matter 
of importance, I submit a brief explanation of the existing circum- 
stances relating to it : 

"First. The general plan of the Imperial Commission proposed to 
publish an official catalogue in French, leaving other nations free to 
publish their own catalogues, each in its own and other languages except 
French, if they chose, and proposed also to sell the official catalogue at 
a low price, less than the cost, which they would be enabled to do by 
deriving a profit from advertisements permitted to be inserted in the 
catalogue, which propositions were, in general, considered satisfactory. 

" Second. The Imperial Commission then contracted or sold a contract 
to a publisher conceding to him the right to print and sell the official 
catalogues at a fixed price. They also sold and conceded to him the 
right of advertisement in the catalogues, limiting the quantity of 
advertising space, but leaving the price of advertisements unlimited, 
and to be settled between the contractor and the advertisers. 

"The right of advertisements was apportioned among nationalities, 
and these rights were resold by the contractor to sub-contractors or 
speculators, who offer them in turn to advertisers in different countries 
at prices which may be agreed upon between them. 

" The original contracts of the Imperial Commission are construed by 
the holders as conceding to them exclusive rights in regard to the pub- 
lication of catalogues, and in regard to advertisements, and that conse- 
quently the publication and sale of catalogues or advertisements by 
other nationalities is an infringement of their rights. 

" Differences of opinion between the Imperial Commission and the 
contractor for the official catalogues have arisen, and are the subject of 
friendly adjudication in the courts, which differences have not yet been 
decided. 



CATALOGUES, AND STATISTICAL INFORMATION. 105 

" I have uot followed this litigation so closely as to be able to state, 
with legal accuracy, the exact points of difference between the Imperial 
Commission and the contractor, and may not have correctly indicated it, 
but accuracy in this is not essential to my present purpose. 

" Third. The contracts made by the Imperial Commission were, how- 
ever, of a uature, as construed by themselves, to trench upon the general 
plan suggested in my first paragraph, and were consequently the subject 
of reclamations by foreign commissioners. 

" The Imperial Commission admitted that other nations had still the 
right to print and sell their own catalogues in their own language, but 
they thought that if the foreign commissions desired to advertise in 
their own catalogues, and to print them in other than their own language, 
that this would infringe upon the rights conceded to the aforesaid con- 
tractors, and that such publications should therefore be the subject of 
agreements between the foreign commissions and the said concession- 
aries. 

" The foreign commissions, in general, were not of this opinion, but 
thought they were entitled to publish their own catalogues in any lan- 
guage they might choose, and to advertise in them for their own profit, as 
a method of defraying expenses, on the same principle as that adopted 
by the Imperial Commission. 

" The questions thus raised are not yet definitively settled, but are the 
subject of frequent discussion, and I have no doubt will be soon defi- 
nitively disposed of as between the Imperial Commission and foreign 
commissions, though I am not confident that they can now be so adjusted 
as to avoid all difficulties with the contractors. 

"Fourth. My object in presenting these remarks is to bring to your 
notice the actual situation in regard to the catalogues. It is very 
desirable to print them in at least three languages, English, French, and 
German ; we are lamentably in arrears in preparing our catalogue, and 
my great anxiety is to perfect it in time to be published for the open- 
ing of the Exposition on the 1st of April, when the jury work will com- 
mence, which cannot be properly done without catalogue in hand. 

" It should thus be published in the French language, but I have not 
any funds for its publication and gratuitous distribution in English or 
any other language. 

" I have relied on the conviction that the right of sale and advertise- 
ment, which I consider included in the programme of the Imperial 
Commission of the 22d of August, would defray the expenses of publi- 
cation in our own and other languages than French, which resource, 
however, was placed in question, and is still in suspense, as above 
stated. 

" If, therefore, Congress should not appropriate money for the publi- 
cation and gratuitous distribution of the catalogue, in our own and other 
languages tban French, we shall not be provided with such catalogues 
unless by the means, before mentioned, of income from advertisements 



106 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

and sales ; and believing that to be a proper method I am disposed to 
adopt it. But I think it would be going beyond my duty to do so with- 
out first presenting the situation and soliciting your directions, or, at 
least, the expression of your opinion for my guidance. 

"My proposition is to print and sell the catalogue in English and in 
German, and to render accounts of the expenditures and of the receipts 
from sales and advertisements and to carry the balance of that account, 
be it a debit or credit, into the general account of the Exposition." 

AGBICULTUBAL MACHINES AT BILLANCOURT. 

Mr. Beckwith to Mr. Seivard. 

" Paris, May 17, 1867. 

" Sir : In respect to the experiments to be made with agricultural 
implements at Billancourt, the trial of plows has already taken place. 

"We have several varieties in the Exposition, and I regret to be 
obliged to state that none of our exhibitors gave any directions or made 
any preparations to put their plows to the trial, and consequently none 
of them took part in the competition. 

" The competition of mowers will commence on the 23d instant, and 
that of reapers will take place in the last half of July. 

" Several of our exhibitors will take part in these competitions. 
They are now training their horses, and will, I trust, be well prepared 
for the contest. 

" I have authorized John P. Beynolds, esq., secretary of the State 
Agricultural Society of Illinois, and commissioner from that State, to 
superintend these trials, and have obtained from the Imperial Commis- 
sion the appointment of Mr. Reynolds as a juror on these experiments, 
that the interests and machines of our exhibitors may be fairly appre- 
ciated." 

Mr. BecJcivith to Mr. Seward. 

" Paris, August 2, 1867. 

" Sir : I have the honor to report the result of the final field trials of 
reaping machines and mowing machines, which commenced on the 
imperial farm of Fouilleuse, on the 26th July, but, being interrupted by 
bad weather, were terminated at Yincennes on the 31st ultimo. 

" The number of mowers entered for competition was seventeen, and 
of reapers sixteen, being the products of several nationalities. 

" The superiority of the American machines soon became apparent, 
and it was evident that the chief contest would be among themselves. 

" The decision of the jury is as follows : 

"Mowing — the 'W. A. Wood mower,' No. 1; C I. Gr. Perry mower,' 
No. 2 5 < C. H. McCormick mower,' No. 3. 

" Beaping — ' C. H. McCormick,' No. 1 j ' Seymour, Morgan & Allen,' 
No. 2 : * W. A. Wood,' No. 3. 



DUTIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL JURY. 107 



" These results will add to our successes probably two more gold, 
two silver, and two bronze medals. None of the other machines are 
rated higher than houorable mention or bronze.'- 

INTERNATIONAL JURY AND THE AWARDS. 
Mr. Beckwith to Mr. Seward. 

" Paris, June 24, 1866. 

Sir: The document hereto annexed, marked No. 1, contains the 
project of the ' Imperial Commission for distributing 800,000 francs in 
prizes among exhibitors, for the organization of international juries to 
award the prizes, describes the nature and value of the awards, the 
manner of composing the juries, the regulations for their guidance, and 
the dates for the commencement and completion of their work. 

" Document No. 2 contains the report of the minister of state upon 
document No. 1, and an imperial decree approving the report and legal- 
izing the project of the Imperial Commission. 

" The principal new feature of the plan is developed in that part of 
the report of the minister relating to section four of the project, which 
appropriates ten prizes of 10,000 francs each, and one capital prize of 
100,000 francs, not for the excellence of material products exhibited, 
but for local establishments which are most successful by their organ- 
ization and management in promoting the prosperity and harmony and 
the moral and intellectual well-being of the operatives." 

ORGANIZATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL JURY. 

The following is a translation of regulations fixing the kind of prizes, 
and organizing the juries for distributing them, discussed the 8th of 
June, 1866, and approved by imperial decree the 9th of June, 1866. 

"Title first.— General dispositions. 

" Article 1. The sum of 800,000 francs is appropriated for prizes to 
be awarded at the Universal Exposition for 1867. 

"Art. 2. An International Jury is appointed to adjudge the premiums. 
The International Jury is composed of six hundred members, distributed 
among the different nations according to the space occupied by the 
products of each. The result of the distribution is laid down in tables 
A and B, annexed to the present regulation. 

"Art. 3. The French members of the International Jury of Awards are 
appointed by the Imperial Commission. The foreign members are 
appointed respectively by the national commissions of each country. 
All appointments must be made previous to the 1st of December, 1866. 
The Imperial Commission, after consultation with the foreign commis- 
sions, shall assign the members of the jury to classes. 

"Art. 1. The International Jury must finish its labors between the 1st 



108 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

of April and the 14th of May, 1867. However, as regards Classes 52, 
67 to 88, and 95, the duties of the jury shall continue during the Expo- 
sition. 

"Art. 5. The formal distribution of the prizes is fixed for the 1st of 
July, 1867. 

" Title second. — Groups of works of art. 

"Art. 6. The prizes at the disposal of the International Jury for 
works of art are arranged as follows : 17 grand prizes, each valued at 
2,000 francs ; 32 first prizes, each valued at 800 francs; 44 second prizes, 
each valued at 500 francs ; 46 third prizes, each valued at 400 francs. 

"Art. 7. The prizes in article six are distributed as follows, among 
the four sections of the fine arts arts, corresponding to the classes of 
Group I : 

"First section, (Classes 1 and 2 united :) 8 grand prizes, 15 first prizes, 
20 second prizes, and 24 third prizes. 

" Second section, (Class 3 :) 4 grand prizes, 8 first prizes, 12 second 
prizes, and 12 third prizes. 

" Third section, (Class 4 :) 3 grand prizes, 6 first prizes, 8 second prizes, 
and 6 third prizes. 

" Fourth section, (Class 5 :) 2 grand prizes, 3 first prizes, 4 second 
prizes, and 4 third prizes. 

"Art. 8. The jury for the groups of works of art is composed of sixty- 
three members. The numeral proportion of the French and foreign 
members in each of the four sections is indicated by table A, annexed 
to the regulations. The French members of the four sections are ap- 
pointed by the Imperial Commission among the members of the jury of 
admission. They will be chosen equally from the three lists forming 
the jury, instituted according to the decision of the 12th of May, 1866. 
The exhibitors who are members of the International Jury for works of 
art are not excluded from the competition for prizes. Each of the four 
sections is presided over by one of its members selected by the Imperial 
Commission. Two of the presidents are French. 

"Art. 8. The four sections may assemble to propose modifications in 
the distribution of prizes, if necessary, as designated in article seven. 
The Imperial Commission selects one of its members to preside at the 
meeting of the four sections. 

" Title third. — The nine groups of agricultural and indus- 
trial products. 

"Art. 10. The prizes at the disposal of the International Jury for the 
agricultural and industrial products are arranged as follows : 

" Grand prizes and awards in silver to the total value of 250,000 
francs. 

" One hundred gold medals, worth 1,000 francs each. 

" One thousand silver medals. 



DUTIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL JURY. 109 



" Three thousand bronze medals. 

"Five thousand honorable mentions, at least. All the medals are of 
the same form. 

"Art. 11. The grand prizes are awards of merit for inventions or im- 
provements in the quality of products and mode of manufacture* 

"Art. 12. The prizes mentioned in article ten, for the nine groups of 
agriculture and industry, are adjudged by the class juries, the group 
juries, and the superior counsel. 

"Art. 13. The numerical proportion of the French and foreign mem- 
bers in each of the class juries is fixed by table A, annexed to the 
present regulations. 

" Art. 14. Each class jury meets from the 1st of April, 1867. At its 
first meeting it elects a president, a vice-president, and secretary. A 
secretary must be appointed before the 10th of April. 

"Art. 15. Class juries may add members or select experts from the 
other classes of the International Jury, or outside ; in the latter case 
the selection must be approved by the Imperial Commission. 

"Art. 10. Exhibitors who have been made members of the Interna- 
tional Jury cannot be competitors for prizes. Exhibitors in a class jury 
as members or experts are also excluded from competition in products 
of the class of which they are to be judges. However, the Imperial 
Commission may authorize certain exceptions to the exclusions mentioned 
in the preceding paragraphs. 

"Art. 17. The foreign commissions are requested to select delegates 
for the class juries to furnish information to the jury about the exhibitors 
of their country. The place of residence of these delegates must be 
made known to the Imperial Commission before the 20th of March, 
1867. The same duties are performed for the French Section in each 
class jury by the corresponding committee of admission. 

"Art. 18. Between the 1st and 14th of April, each class jury of 
Groups II, III, IY, V, YI, and X shall examine the products, and class 
the exhibitors deserving prizes, without distinction of nationality. The 
class jury then makes out a list of exhibitors excluded by article sixteen, 
and proposes proper exceptions. It then classes the assistants, masters, 
and workmen, without distinction of nationality, to be recommended 
for services to agriculture or industry, or for their participation in the 
production of remarkable objects at the Exposition. The class lists, 
signed by the members who made them, shall be filed by the reporter 
with the Commissioner General, by the 14th of April at latest. Class 
juries of Classes 52 and 95 only furnish the information necessary to fix 
the number of awards for those classes, and propose associates to assist 
in the examination of the objects exhibited. If a class jury has not 
presented the lists by the 14th of April, the Imperial Commission shall 
attend to it. 

"Art. 19. Between the 1st and 14th of April each class jury of 
Groups VII, VIII, and IX makes out a list of associates to assist in the 



110 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 



examination of the products during the Exposition, and furnishes infor- 
mation to fix the number of awards. 

"Art. 20. The presidents and reporters of the class juries are mem- 
bers of the group juries ; in case of absence of the president, the vice- 
president shall take his place. One president and two vice-presidents 
are appointed outside of the members for each group jury. The 
arrangement of presidents and vice-presidents of group juries, among 
different nations, is designated by the table B, annexed to the present 
regulations. In accordance with article three, the French president 
and vice-presidents are appointed directly by the Imperial Commission ; 
the foreign, by the national foreign commissions. The secretary of each 
group jury is appointed by the Imperial Commission. 

"Art. 21. Between the 15th and 28th of April each group jury of 
Groups II, III, IV, Y, YI, and X examines the claims, fixes the lists 
of classification drawn up by the class juries, and writes the award after * 
the proper name. For Classes 52 and 95, only the number of prizes is 
designated. It joins in turn each class jury in its deliberations, but only 
has a deliberative vote. These preliminary operations of the group 
juries must close and the result be communicated to the Commissioner 
General by the 28th of April, at the latest. If it is not done by that 
time the Imperial Commission will attend to it. 

"Art. 22. Between the 15th and 22d of April each group jury of 
Groups YII, YIH, and IX makes out the lists of associates presented 
by the class juries and makes known the number of awards of each class 
to the Commissioner General. 

"Art. 23. The president and vice-presidents of the group juries are 
called to constitute the superior council of the jury. One of the vice- 
presidents of the Inrperial Commission shall be president of that council. 
The assistant secretary of the Imperial Commission shall aid the secre- 
tary of the council. 

"Art. 24. Between the 29th of April and the 5th of May the superior 
council divides the total number of awards among the different groups. 
The council, if deemed necessary to increase the number of medals, may 
propose to the Imperial Commission to apply 50,000 francs for that pur- 
pose out of the sum for the grand prizes and silver sets. These duties 
of the superior council must be concluded by the 5th of May at the 
latest. 

"Art. 25. A report on the exhibition of agricultural and industrial 
products shall be published under the direction and care of a committee 
proposed by the superior council and appointed by the Imperial Com- 
mission. „ 

"Art. 26. Between the 6th and 12th of May each group jury men- 
tioned in article twenty-one shall divide the awards fixed by the superior 
council among the proper classes. The result of this labor shall be sent 
to the Commissioner General by the 14th of May at the latest. 

"Art. 27. During the Exposition the Imperial Commission will name 



DUTIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL JURY. Ill 

temporary associates every fifteen days, to aid the class juries in their 
examinations of the products, processes or instruments of labor in Classes 
67 to 88 presented for competition in the next two weeks. These asso- 
ciates are chosen from the lists made out by article twenty-two. On the 
second day of each fortnight each temporary committee will class the 
exhibitors, assistants, and workmen it thinks worthy of prizes, and 
arrange them in four lists, under the titles, first prize, second prize, third 
prize, honorable mention, of partial competition. That list may be made 
public at once. 

"Art. 28. Between the 15th and 20th of October the group juries of 
Groups VII, VIII, and IX, .after the arrangement of prizes and honor- 
able mentions of the temporary committees, in conformity with the pre- 
ceding article, shall make a total list of exhibitors for each class, as well 
as a list of assistants and laborers, and will award the prizes the supe- 
rior couucil has assigned to them. The diploma has a list of the prizes 
and honorable mentions of the different temporary committees to the 
laureate during the Exposition. 

"Art. 29. Class juries of Classes 52 and 95 shall present the proposals 
relative to awards which the group jury has reserved for them to the 
Imperial Commission by the 20th of October. The Imperial Commission 
confirms these proposals. 

" Title fourth. — New order of awards. 

"Art. 30. A different order of awards is created in favor of persons, 
establishments, or localities, where, by special institutions, good harmony 
has been promoted among those who carry on the same labors, and the 
material, moral, and intellectual well-being has been secured among the 
operatives. These awards are : ten prizes of 100,000 francs and twenty 
honorable mentions. One grand prize of 100,000 francs may be given to 
the person, establishment, or locality, above all the rest in this respect. 

"Art. 31. A special jury shall judge of the merits in this case, and 
determine the number and form of the prizes to be awarded. One of 
the vice-presidents of the Imperial Commission shall preside over it. 
The members shall be twenty-five, the president included. The distri- 
bution among different nations is fixed in table B. The functions of 
secretary shall be performed by the secretary of the Imperial Commis- 
sion. 

" Art. 32. In default of nominations before the 1st of December, 1866, 
as provided by article 3, the Imperial Commission will select foreign 
judges from among the persons accredited to it by the different govern- 
ments. 

" Art. 33. The number of members present necessary to make the 
jury decision valid is fixed at eighteen. The prizes and honorable men- 
tions are decided by a majority vote. The grand prize must have a vote 
of two-thirds. 

" Art. 34. The petitions and documents designating a person for the 



112 PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

new order of awards, or an establishment or locality, must be addressed 
to the councillor of state, Commissioner General, before the 1st of Decem- 
ber, 1866. 

"Art. 35. The jury will hold its first session the 1st of December, 
1866, to fix the rules for demands and to begin their examination. 

" Art. 36. At a second and last session, between the 15th of April 
and the 14th of May, 1867, the jury will finally fix the distribution of 
the prizes. These prizes will be distributed at the same time as the 
other prizes — that is, on the 1st of July, 1867. 

a Done and deliberated by the Imperial Commission on the 7th of 
June, 1866." 

REPORT IN SUPPORT OF THE DECREE IN REGARD TO RECOMPENSES. 

Monsieur E. Router, minister of state, vice-president of the Imperial 
Commission, made a report to the Emperor, attached to the preceding 
decree, of which the following is a translation : 

u Sire : In the name of the Imperial Commission I have the honor to 
submit to your Majesty a project for a regulation of the recompenses to 
be awarded, according to established tradition, at the Universal Exposi- 
tion for 1867. 

" This regulation fixes the nature, the number, and the mode of 
awarding the recompenses ; it comprises four titles : 

11 The first title determines the general dispositions relative to the 
value of the recompenses and the organization of the jury. 

" The second title answers to article 22 of the general regulations, and 
relates particularly to the group of the works of art. Its arrangement 
is similar to that used at the annual exhibition of the fine arts. 

" Title three answers to article 62 of the general regulations, and 
relates especially to the nine groups of agriculture and industry. The 
dispositions of this title are similar to those of 1855, and tend to equalize 
the different degrees of recompense, to facilitate execution, and to get 
the jury's decision in six weeks. The limit of this delay is rigorously 
required by the date of the distribution of recompenses, fixed for the 1st 
of July, 1867. Special dispositions reserve for certain subdivisions of 
the jury the decision on products that are renewed often during the 
Exposition, but cannot be decided on till the close. 

" These parts of the regulations for recompenses offer nothing new, and 
I confine myself to a summary. But the dispositions of title four con- 
stitute an important innovation, to which I must call your Majesty's 
attention. 

" Preceding exhibitions have not shown all the merits that are due to 
agriculture and industry. The prosperity of those branches is not only 
shown by the good quality of the products and the improvements in 
their elaboration, but it also depends upon the comfortable circumstances 
of the producers and their friendly relations. These circumstances have 
been considered in preceding exhibitions, but the Imperial Commission 
has thought proper to create a new order of recompenses, as useful and 



THE NEW ORDER OF AWARDS. 113 

in conformity with the principles inspiring so many acts of the govern- 
ment of the Emperor. These recompenses shall be awarded to persons, 
establishments, or localities, where, by an organization or special insti- 
tution, good harmony has been promoted among those who carry on 
the same work, and the material, moral, and intellectual well-being of 
the operatives assured. 

"This well-being and harmony of which we wish to iind the best 
examples for your Majesty, is produced under very various forms. The 
local customs and secular traditions in certain countries maintain union 
among different kinds of producers ; in other regions intelligent efforts 
remedy the spirit of antagonism that prevails. Here, workmen who 
have become masters in their trades find all the elements of success in 
themselves ; in other countries, confined to large factories, they leave 
all care to their patrons. Producers sometimes apply themselves ex- 
clusively to agricultural labor or to manufactures : often the two kinds 
of industry are combined. But, in the midst of this diversity of condi- 
tions, well-being and harmony offer the same result; they assure public 
peace to the producers of all kinds, and to the locality enriched by their 
work. Apparent, characteristics everywhere prove the existence of the 
two merits we propose to recompense. An inquiry of the prefects of the 
empire, made some years ago by your Majesty's orders, gave many ex- 
amples that might be quoted at the competition instituted by title four 
to great advantage. 

" The merits of competitors will be decided by a jury composed of 
eminent persons belonging to the different countries represented at the 
Exposition. The Imperial Commission thinks this jury should reject 
every previous system, and found its judgment entirely on facts. 

u The value of the recompenses should be proportionate to the social 
importance of the competition. 

" The commission, therefore, proposes to your Majesty to award ten 
prizes of the total value of 100,000 francs, with twenty honorable mentions. 

" One grand indivisible prize of 100,000 francs might also be awarded 
to the person or locality distinguished by extraordinary superiority. 
This competition opens a new branch in exhibitions ; it will cause a 
healthy rivalry between different nations, and will offer problems that 
have not yet been advantageously solved. 

" If your Majesty designs to approve the considerations which form 
the object of this report, and which is a continuation of the deliberations 
of the Imperial Commission of the 7th of June, 1860, I beg you will sign 
the annexed decree." * * * * 

THE NEW CLASS OF PRIZES. 

Mr. BecJcwith to Mr. Usher. 

" Paris, December 3, 1866. 
" Sir : The documents issued by the Imperial Commission relating to 
the various classes of prizes were published by the government at Wash- 

8pe 



114 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

ington in June last, (3d series, page 43,) but the new class of prizes does 
not seem to have attracted much attention in the United States. % 

u The new class is nevertheless most important of all. It is not com- 
posed of the material products of industry, but relates to the source of 
all industrial products, viz., the producers. It is composed of the per- 
sons, establishments, or localities which have developed in a remarkable 
manner good order and harmony, and the material, moral, and intellectual 
well-being of the workmen and laborers. 

" The prizes are comparatively large — ten of 10,000 francs each, and 
one of 100,000 francs — which indicates the importance attached to the 
subject. 

u Material improvement precedes all other improvements, and is the 
source of them. 

" Associations and organizations which combine the sciences and in- 
dustrial arts with labor and skill, augmenting the productiveness of 
both in an eminent degree, and at the same time improving the condi- 
tion of the laborers, are among the most important institutions of the 
time, and they are without parallel in any past civilization. 

" This new quality is that they not only make the rich richer, but they 
make the poor richer — a result which was never before studied nor at- 
tained ; and in place of industrial populations devoted to immorality and 
poverty, we have now thriving communities acquiring property and 
education, and rising constantly in their material, moral, and intellect- 
ual condition. 

u These organizations are not the result of accident or the mere growth 
of time, but they are the combined product of the ablest thinkers, the 
best judgments, highest motives, superior science, the practical skill, 
and the solid knowledge of the age. 

" Each country makes its own development in conformity with its 
condition and its wants, and the attempt to bring together the most suc- 
cessful of these institutions, to be carefully studied and compared by 
competent men, cannot fail to be instructive and useful. 

" We have many industrial establishments which, properly presented, 
might compete successfully for the prizes ; but, whether successfully or 
not, they could not fail to improve by the competition. 

" The reports of these should contain their organization, administra- 
tion, capital, number of hands of both sexes, their ages, wages, schools, 
libraries, churches, charities, publications, sanitary regulations, plans, 
marriages, births, deaths, savings and accumulations, investments, quan- 
tity and value of raw products, value and quantity of manufactured 
products, dividends, and, in fine, all the important facts relating to these 
small communities as if they were states. 

" These should be tabulated and briefly and accurately stated, to facil- 
itate, the understanding of them and the comparisons. 

" Similar reports will be sent in from all civilized countries, and will 
be submitted to the study of a special jury of twenty-five men, selected 



THE NEW ORDER OF AWARDS. 115 

for tlie purpose from the different nations, and whose labor bas no con- 
nection with class juries on products. 

"This jury commenced their work on the 1st December instant, and 
will continue it through the winter, that they may complete their reports 
and render their verdict in May, in time for the general distribution of 
prizes on the 1st July next. 

" Our representative on this special duty is Charles C. Perkins, esq., 
of Boston, a gentleman whose cultivation, general knowledge, studious 
habits, and acquaintance with continental languages, qualify him for 
the labor, and whose circumstances permit him to devote the requisite 
time to it. 

u The reports, in conformity with the regulations, should all have been 
sent in by the 1st of December; but the jury resolved at their first meet- 
ing to remain open a short time longer, and will probably fix the last 
day for receiving reports at their next meeting, of which I will notify 
you. If this subject appears to you of sufficient interest to call for your 
exertions, be assured that any reports which you may send me, if received 
in time, will be clearly and amply developed to the jury by Mr. Perkins, 
and receive the consideration they may merit ; but I need not dwell on 
the necessity of immediate action." 

APPOINTMENT OF JURORS TO THE UNITED STATES. 

Mr. Beckwith to Mr. Seward. 

" Paris, April 8, 1867. 

" Sir : It was not in my power to report definitively on the nomination 
of jurors before the 26th March, when the list was completed and closed. 

u The number of class jurors is six hundred, who are divided among 
nationalities on the basis of the relative space occupied by each nation 
in the Palace of the Exposition. 

" The apportionment was made in June, 1866, (reserving fifteen jurors 
for subsequent distribution,) and the number which this method gave 
to the United States was eight. 

u I applied for an increase of this number, and, of the fifteen reserved, 
four were subsequently added to our list, which gave us twelve class 
jurors. 

u The juries are international (or mixed) and each jury comprises from 
four to fifteen members. There are ninety-four classes of products, and 
ninety -four separate juries, consequently there are eighty-two classes 
on which we have no juryman, our number being but twelve. 

" Jurymen are presumed to be acquainted with the products of their 
own country in general, and to have a special knowledge of the products 
of the class on which they are placed, the chief service they can render 
being to make known to their associate jurymen the nature, quality, 
uses, and importance of these particular products, that they may be 
rightly appreciated and compared, and accurately judged. 



116 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

" The most important products of nearly all competing nations fall into 
a few classes, and there is naturallv great urgency among all to place 
their jurymen on these important classes, but this being impracticable 
there must be some disappointments. 

" The Imperial Commission desired each foreign commission to send 
in a list indicating the classes on which they would prefer to place their 
jurymen, or else the order of preference, but stating at the same time that 
these indications could only be taken in a general sense as a guide in 
making allotments, and that it would doubtless be impossible to fully 
comply with them. 

" Some of the important classes on which I desired to place jurors 
were conceded to me, some equally or more important were not con- 
ceded, and three or four classes were assigned to me which I did not ask 
for and which are of no particular value to us. 

" A similar result occurred to others, and the distribution of classes 
on the whole produced among the foreign commissions a great deal of 
dissatisfaction, but I think I should add that in my opinion this could 
not have been altogether avoided. 

u Mr. Derby was diligent in sending me early information in respect 
of the persons who were qualified to act as jurors, who were willing to 
do so, and who would be here in time. 

" But unfortunately very few of the gentlemen thus indicated con- 
sidered themselves particularly qualified for the classes which were 
•finally assigned to us, and I have had much difficulty in making up a 
list of qualified jurors who could be relied on to be present in time for 
the work. Indeed, I have been obliged to nominate some for classes 
which they themselves did not wish to accept, but consented to do so 
because they saw that it was impossible for me to do better. 

" The following is the definitive list : 

" Group I, Classes 1 and 2 united : Paintings in oil, water colors, 
pastels, and designs — J. W. Hoppin, esq., New York. 

" Group I, Class 3 : Sculptures, bas reliefs, medallions, cameos, en- 
graved stones, &c. — Hon. J. P. Kennedy, Baltimore, United States Com- 
missioner. 

" Group I, Class 4 : Architecture and architectural designs. — E. M. 
Hunt, esq., New York, architect. 

"Group I, Class 5: Engravings, polychromes, lithographs, crayons, 
&c. — Frank Leslie, esq., New York, United States Commissioner. 

"Group II, Class 9: Proofs and materials for photography on paper, 
glass, wood, cloth, enamel, &c, instruments, materials, &c. — W. A. 
Adams, esq., Ohio, United States Commissioner. 

"Group II, Class 11: Apparatus and instruments of the medical art, 
trusses, surgical instruments specially adapted to the army and the 
navy, &c— J. E. Freese, esq., New Jersey, United States Commissioner. 

"Group II, Class 12: F. A. P. Barnard, LL. D., New York, United 
States Commissioner. 



ALLOTMENT OF JURORS TO THE UNITED STATES. 117 

"Group III, Class 20: Various kinds of fine cutlery — William Slade, 
esq., Ohio, United States Commissioner. 

"Group VI, Class 51: Materials of chemistry, pharmacy, tanning, of 
glass, gas, &c. — Professor J. P. Lesley, Pennsylvania, United States Com- 
missioner. 

" Group VI, Class 59 : Motors, generators, shafts, pulleys, steam- 
pipes, &c. — Ch. R. Goodwin, esq., Boston, United States Commissioner. 

"Group VI, Class 54: Machine tools and mechanical apparatus in 
general; planing machines for iron and wood; elevators, pumps, ma- 
chines, and tools of all sorts worked by steam, gas, water, &c. — J. E; 
Holmes, esq., New Hampshire, now residing in England ; associate juror 
in this class with Mr. Holmes. Mr. Debauvais, machinist, of New Tork. 

"Group VI, Class 57: Machines of all kinds for sewing, embroidery, 
$&, in cloth, stuffs, and leather stacking, pegging, nailing machines, &c. — 
H. Q. d'Aligny, esq., Michigan, United States Commissioner. 

"One special juror on the new order of prizes — Charles C. Perkins, 
esq., of Boston. 

"One vice-president of Group V, comprising minerals and raw prod- 
ucts of many kinds — Professor J. Lawrence Smith, Kentucky, United 
States Commissioner. 

"Fourteen in all on the jury list. 

" It will be observed that we have no class jurors on agricultural ma- 
chines, nor on agricultural products, &c, where I was extremely anxious 
to have them. I should have been much gratified if I could have trans- 
ferred three jurors from Group I to Groups V and VII. Failing to ob- 
tain from the Imperial Commission an allotment on these classes, I 
endeavored to effect an exchange by negotiation with other commissions, 
(which is permitted,) but found none who were not more tenacious of the 
classes I desired to obtain than desirous of the classes I wished to relin- 
quish, and I could not effect the exchange. 

"I repeat, therefore, that I am not satisfied with the distribution ; but 
this feeling prevails in general, and I must acknowledge the evident 
desire of the Imperial Commission to be fair and impartial, and to give 
satisfaction as far as possible in a matter wherein the complete satisfac- 
tion of each commissioner, in conformity with his own judgment and 
wishes, was impossible. 

"It is possible, also, that I exaggerate the importance which properly 
belongs to this subject, being influenced, perhaps, more by feeling than 
by judgment. I have witnessed the efforts of the foreign commissions 
to obtain the services of competent and skillful men for jurors, and most 
of them being near their own countries, with great facilities of commu- 
nication, they have been able to assemble a body of able and experienced 
men for each class of products, whose investigations, it is impossible to 
doubt, will be thorough, and their verdict impartial and sound." 



118 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

WORK OF CLASS JURIES. 

Mr. BecJcwith to Mr. Seward. 

" Paris, May 17, 1867. 

" Sir : I had the honor to address you on the 3d of April, with a brief 
statement of the condition of our section of the Exposition at the open- 
ing, and suggested that fully a month would be required to complete it, 
which estimate was nearly correct. 

" The work of the class juries commenced on the 2d of April, and was 
continued daily till completed. , 

"The necessity of getting the packages all opened, and the products 
in a condition to be examined by the juries, is obvious. For this pur- 
pose I employed a force as numerous as could work to advantage. The 
juries being also numerous, ninety-four in number, (counting six hundred 
members,) their visits were incessant in different classes and different 
parts of the section, and the necessity of attending to them delayed the 
work of placing the products, it being more important to bring them 
under the inspection of the juries while it was possible, and to complete 
the final placing with more care afterward. 

"The number of our exhibitors is from seven hundred to eight hun- 
dred, and it is remarkable that up to this date only sixty-four exhibitors 
have appeared, and ninety-six agents ; and many of the agents being 
parties residing in Paris, take little interest in the business with which 
they are charged, and pay little or no attention to it. It is usual for 
exhibitors to be present with their products in person, or by agents who 
understand the products, and whose business and interest it is to make 
known their qualities to the juries, that they may receive proper appre- 
ciation. But the absence of exhibitors, and absence of substitutes pro- 
vided by them, left the jury- work in a great measure to me ; and consid- 
ering it of great moment to the exhibitors, absent as well as present, I 
made the fullest provision for it in my power, and gave my whole atten- 
tion to it while it lasted. 

"Our products have therefore been well brought to the notice of the 
juries; their reports, when published, will show this, and show also, 
think, that they have been fairly and intelligently appreciated. 

"But exhibitors are anxious in presence of jurors; each is conscioi 
of the value of his particular products, and naturally apprehensive that 
time enough will not be given to them. It seldom happens indeed that 
jurors spend as much time on a single exhibit as the exhibitor desires. 
The jurymen are chiefly experts, and do not require, or think they do 
not, as much time for accurate appreciations of products as the producer 
may think necessary. It also occurs frequently that the exhibitor or 
agent is not present, and cannot be found when the jury comes to his 
class, and the work goes on without him. 

"This is unsatisfactory, and leads to numerous reclamations, to which 
the juries have been in general attentive and accommodating; but in 



ue 

1 

us 



AWARDS AND HONORARY DISTINCTIONS. 119 

most of the numerous cases of recall which I have had occasion to make, 
they have proved to be of small importance beyond satisfying the exhib- 
itor, the juries having shown generally that their work had been prop- 
erly done ; and I conclude my remarks on this laborious part of the work 
with an expression of confidence that the result will prove satisfactory." 

THE DISTRIBUTION OF PRIZES. 

Mr. Bed' with to Mr. Seward. 

"Paris, July 2, 1867. 

"The promulgation of the awards and distribution of medals, which is 
the principal event of the Exposition, took place yesterday in the Palais 
de riudustrie, in the presence of an audience composed of all nations, 
and numbering about seventeen thousand persons. 

" The awards to our exhibitors were mentioned in my letter of the 28th 
ultimo, and are now published in detail by the Imperial Commission, and 
copied generally in the daily journals. 

" The proclamation of the awards was made the occasion of a brilliant 
and imposing pageant, but the event was suggestive of more grave and 
important considerations. 

"Formerly the dignity, wealth, and fashion of surrounding nations 
met on the plains of France, 'in tents of cloth of gold,' to honor arms by 
mimic war and feats of personal prowess in the tournament; but at that 
period toil was remitted to serfs, and labor was degraded. • 

"To-day the civilized world assembles on the same ground to do honor 
to labor. 

"We have been accustomed to read with admiration, real or romantic, 
the accounts of the fetes of the Celestial Empire, where the ruler conde- 
scends annually to hold the plow in honor of husbandry. Yesterday 
an assembly of all nationalities, numbering seventeen thousand persons, 
including rulers, peasants, and every class, put their hand to the plow, 
and did homage to labor, skill, and science, which are the bases of civili- 
zation and progress. 

"The participation of the people of the United States in this great 
competition, and the rank which the products of their industry hold, as 
determined by the deliberate judgment of ninety -four international juries 
who have decreed awards to more than one-half of our exhibitors, justify 
expressions of cordial congratulation and satisfaction." 

HONORARY DISTINCTIONS. 

Mr. Bed' with to Mr. Seward. 

"Paris, July 5, 18G7. 
" Sir : The volumes containing the official report of awards to exhib- 
itors should have been xmblished by the Imperial Commission o*n the 1st 



120 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 






of July, but I am not yet able to send it to you, as it is still in the 

press. 

" I intended also to allude more fully to the grand prix awarded to 

Mr. Hughes, to Mr. Cyrus W. Field, to the Sanitary Commission, and 

the prix (equivalent to a grand prix) to M. Chapin, in the new Order of 

Eecompenses; but wishing to state, in the language of the report, the 

grounds of the awards, I am compelled to await its publication. 

" I have now to report the honorary distinctions, in connection with 

the Exposition, conferred by the government on the following persons : 

Mr. Elias Howe, Jr. : - Inventor of the sewing machine, and founder 

of the great and important industry rep- 
resented by that machine. 

Mr. Chickering : - - A respectable house of long-standing and 

importance, continuing from father to son, 
which, by ability and great study to im- 
prove their work, have contributed to raise 
the standard of this class of products to a 
high level in the United States. 

Mr. Mulat : - - - - Architect and engineer in the United States 

Section of the Exposition. 

Mr. J. P. Kennedy : - - United States Commissioner and member of 

the International Jury, Group I, Class 3. 

Mr. J. Lawrence Smith : United States Commissioner and vice-presi- 
dent of Jury for Group Y. 

Mr. S. B. EuGGLES : - - United States Commissioner and member of 

the committee on weights, coins, and mea- 
sures. 

Mr. C. C. Perkins : - - Member of the special jury on the new Order 

of Eecompenses. 

Mr. C. E. Goodwin : - - United States Commissioner, machinist, and 

member of the jury, Group VI, Class 52. 

Mr. Eobert Berney : - United States Commissioner. 

" To the preceding, the honorary distinction of l Chevalier de la legion 

d'honneur. 7 To : 

Mr. N. M. Beckwith, Commissioner General, the honorary distinction 

of i Officier de la legion d'honneur.' 

u The honorary distinctions above named have been received subject 

to the laws of the United States, which may be applicable to them and 

to the action of the government and Congress. 

"A membership of the Legion of Honor is not a title of any kind, or a 

name by which men are called, but it confers the distinction which 

attaches to the membership of a numerous and respectable association, 

as a membership of the Institute or of the Eoyal Society. 

"I am not aware, therefore, whether clause 7, section 9, of the Consti- 
tution, is applicable to it, or whether Congress has ever considered the 

subject and decided it. 



i 



AWARDS AND HONORARY DISTINCTIONS. 121 

"But I desire for ury guidance (and in this I doubt not of the cordial 
concurrence of my associates) an expression of opinion from the govern- 
ment in regard to the propriety of accepting this distinction ; and if not 
otherwise directed, I shall embrace an early opportunity of soliciting the 
action of Congress on the subject. 

"The Exposition is international; its aims and effects, both national 
and moral, are international ; its courtesies are international ; and the 
services connected with it are necessarily in the same spirit. 

'"The awards, therefore, to be appropriate, should be of the same in- 
ternational character ; and if the government and Congress approve the 
acceptance of these distinctions, they will thus impart to them the ele- 
ment which is requisite to complete their proper character and value." 

EXHIBITION OF THE MEDALS AND DIPLOMAS AWARDED TO THE 
UNITED STATES EXHIBITORS. 

Mr. Beckwith to Mr. Seivard. 

" Paris, November 18, 1867. 

"The great number of awards, and the preparation of the stamps for 
imprinting the name of each person on his medal as well as on his 
diploma, protracts the labor, and though the delivery of awards has 
commenced, it is not likely to be completed before February or March. 

" Many of our successful exhibitors have not visited the Exposition, 
and of those who have done so most of them have now returned to the 
United States. 

" It will be necessary, therefore, for me to transmit the awards, when 
received, to the government or its agents for right delivery, and in 
doing this I beg to suggest, for your consideration, the utility and expe- 
diency of an exhibition of the awards at the seat of government for a 
limited time before tieir final distribution. 

" The collection of medals and diplomas thus exposed will make a visi- 
ble display of some of the results of the Exposition, which, I think, 
cannot fail to be gratifying to the government and to Congress, and ben- 
eficial to the exhibitors and to the country. 

" In making this suggestion I assume that the recipients of awards 
will be pleased with this course, which I infer from the nature of the 
proposal and from the uniform opinion of those with whom I have 
spoken on this subject. 

" The additional expenditure required will be small, and will be kept 
within the limits of the appropriations already made for the exhibition. 

" I venture to hope, therefore, that you may consider an exposition of 
the trophies a becoming and appropriate method of concluding a com- 
petitive international exhibition of the products of industry, and that 
you will be willing to assent to the proposal." 



122 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

PRIZES POR REAPING AND MOWING MACHINES. 

Mr. Beck with to Mr. Seward. 

" Paris, January 6, 1868. 

" The adjustments of awards and delays in their distribution have 
prevented me from sending you a complete list showing the final result, 
and I am still unable to do so, the work being not yet completely fin- 
ished. 

"A distribution of awards was made by his Imperial Majesty yester- 
day, in the palace of the Tuileries, to the successful exhibitors in 
Groups YIII and IX, which, with previous additions and adjustments, 
will increase the number in the United States Section, reported in the 
letter which I had the honor of addressing to you on the 24th June last, 
from two hundred and sixty-two to two hundred and ninety-one. 

" The superiority of the reaping machines of Mr. McCormick, and the 
mowing machines of Mr. Walter A. Wood, over all others exhibited, 
established by repeated experiments in the field during the season, 
together with the acknowledged importance and great utility of those 
machines, have secured for Mr. McCormick, from the International Jury, 
a grand prix ; to Mr. W. A. Wood a gold medal and an object of art; 
and from the Emperor, to each of those gentlemen, the cross of the 
Legion of Honor." 

CONDITION OP THE INDUSTRIAL ARTS INDICATED BY THE AWARDS. 

Mr. Beckiolth to Mr. Seward. 

u Paris, January 21, 1868. 

"I beg to solicit your attention to the tabular statement alluded to 
on page 6 of the preface, 1 as expressing briefly the opinion of six hun- 
dred international jurors, in a form that indicates Ae relative condition 
of the mechanical, manufacturing, and industrial arts and productive 
industries in the principal countries of the world, so far as that can be 
determined by an inquest of competent jurors. The table has been 
made with care and accuracy, and I believe is reliable. 

" That the products of England should recede to the position of eighth 
on the list, is a conclusion that perhaps will not be readily accepted. 

" But it is widely known that great changes have been going on since 
the first exhibition in 1851. 

" England, it was admitted, excelled especially in machinery and in 
nearly every department of the working of metals. 

" But her methods, her forms, and her models have been adopted and 
reproduced in many countries on the continent, and it is now contended 
that the better provision in the latter for industrial, mechanical, and 
scientific education supplies a greater number of superior producers, 

1 Vide preface to the " General Survey of the Exposition." 



CONDITION OF THE INDUSTRIAL ARTS. 123 

and that English models and methods have been perfected and carried 
beyond the originals. 

" These observations are not limited to the metallic department, but 
are applied also to woolen fabrics and to nearly all the higher manu- 
factures of cotton, while the supremacy in silks, linens, designs, dyes, 
and finish was already continental. 

" It is also remarked that the principal progress in English products 
is in the department of pottery, in which she has adopted continental 
forms, colors, and designs, and improved her work, but content with her 
great aggregate production and great commerce, has generally remained 
stationary in regard to quality, while others have advanced ; and that 
this change was strikingly visible in the exhibition of 18G2, in which 
England was no longer in advance, and hardly maintained her level, 
having now distinctly fallen behind. 

"It is also remarked, in addition, that while these relative changes 
and equalizations of the industrial arts have been going on, there has 
not been much invention, but that progress is chiefly noticeable in the 
perfecting of previous inventions, designs, and methods, and that for 
any new combinations which are creative and striking it is necessary to 
look to the other side of the Atlantic ; that the great revolutions going 
on in war ships, guns, and small arms, and the remodeling of navies 
and armies are of American origin, and that the American Section of 
the Exposition was more fertile than any other in the original, the inven- 
tive, the peculiar, and the new. 

" I need not express any opinion as to the accuracy or inaccuracy of 
these general views, but I reproduce them because I have heard them 
expressed during the Exposition by many Europeans connected with it 
and largely engaged themselves in manufactures and industry, and 
because these opinions appear to correspond in a general sense with the 
table of results to which I invited your attention. 

" But admitting the accuracy of these indications, the value of them 
might be readily over-estimated. 

" In an international competition many of the products exposed are 
made for show, and their qualities are in some degree meretricious. If 
the products of England, under these circumstances, take the position 
suggested by the awards, it does not follow that she has not preserved 
the medium of practical sense, and that her products are not best 
adapted to the wants, the means, and the consumption of the mass of 
mankind, on which her great commerce is based." 

COMMISSION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

JOINT RESOLUTION IN RELATION TO THE INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITION AT 

PARIS, FRANCE. 

" Whereas the United States have been invited by the government of 
France to take part in a Universal Exposition of the productions of agri- 



124 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

culture, manufactures, and the fine arts, to be held in Paris, France, in 
the year eighteen hundred and sixty- seven : Therefore, 

u Be it resolved by the Senate and Rouse of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled, That said invitation is accepted. 

"Sec. 2. And be it further resolved, That the proceedings heretofore 
adopted by the Secretary of State in relation to the said Exposition, as 
set forth in his report and accompanying documents concerning that 
subject, transmitted to both houses of Congress with the President's 
message of the eleventh instant, are approved. 

"Sec. 3. And be it further resolved, That the general agent for the said 
Exposition at New York be authorized to employ such clerks as may be 
necessary to enable him to fulfill the requirements of the regulations of 
the Imperial Commission, not to exceed four in number, one of whom 
shall receive compensation at the rate of eighteen hundred dollars per 
annum, one at sixteen hundred dollars, and two at fourteen hundred 
dollars. 

" Sec. 4. And be it further resolved, That the Secretary of State be, 
and is hereby, authorized and requested to prescribe such general regu- 
lations concerning the conduct of the business relating to the part to be 
taken by the United States in the Exposition as may be proper. 

"Approved January 15, 1866." 

The sixth portion of the first section of the joint resolution approved 
July 5, 1866, provided *" for the traveling expenses of ten professional 
and scientific commissioners, to be appointed by the President, by and 
with the advice and consent of the Senate, at the rate of one thousand 
dollars each — ten thousand dollars — it being understood that the Presi- 
dent may appoint additional commissioners, not exceeding twenty in 
number, whose expenses shall not be paid; but no person interested, 
directly or indirectly, in any article exhibited shall be a commissioner j 
nor shall any member of Congress, or any person holding an appoint- 
ment or office of honor or trust under the United States be appointed a 
commissioner, agent, or officer under this resolution.'-' 

The following is that part of the supplementary joint resolution ap- 
proved March 12, 1867, which provided for the appointment of twenty 
honorary commissioners: 

" Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States 
of America in Congress assembled, 

"I. That the Commission of the United States at the Universal Expo- 
sition to be held at Paris in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-seven 
shall consist of the Commissioner General and honorary commissioner, 
whose appointment was approved by the joint resolution of January 
twenty-two, eighteen hundred and sixty-six ; also of the thirty commis- 
sioners whose appointment was provided for by the joint resolution of 
July five, eighteen hundred and sixty-six; and of twenty commissioners, 
whose appointment is hereinafter provided for. 






THE UNITED STATES COMMISSION. 125 

" II. That the Commissioner General shall be the president of the eom- 
mission thus constituted, with a vote on all questions that may arise. 

"III. That the commission shall meet at Paris as early as possible 
before the opening of the Exposition, upon the call of the Commissioner 
General, and, when properly organized, shall make such rules and regu- 
lations as may be necessary for efficient action, with power to elect a 
vice-president from their own number, who, in the absence of the Com- 
missioner General, shall preside at all meetings of the commission, and 
to appoint committees and chairmen of groups. 

" IV. That the commission may designate additional persons, not ex- 
ceeding twenty in number, being citizens of the United States, known 
to be skilled in any branch of industry or art, who are hereby authorized 
to attend the Exposition in behalf of the United States as honorary 
commissioners without compensation. 

" V. That the commission may employ a secretary and clerks for the 
commission, the necessary scientific assistants and draughtsmen, and 
may engage suitable rooms for the commission. 

" VI. That no commissioner shall act as agent for the show or sale of 
any article at the Exposition, or be interested, directly or indirectly, in 
any profits from any such article." 

LETTERS OF APPOINTMENT TO COMMISSIONERS. 

Letters were addressed by the Secretary of State in the following 
form to the gentlemen appointed as commissioners, and to the ten pro- 
fessional and scientific commissioners : 

To Commissioners without compensation. 

''Department op State, 

" Washington, , 1866. 

"Sir: The joint resolution approved on the 5th of July, 1866, a copy 
of which is annexed, authorizes the President to appoint twenty com- 
missioners, who shall serve without compensation, to attend, on behalf 
of the United States, the Universal Exposition to be held at Paris, 
France, in the year 1867, commencing on the 1st of April, and closing 
on the 31st of October, in that year. 

"These appointments are intended as honorary distinctions for gen- 
tlemen who are eminent for their patriotism and for scientific or profes- 
sional attainments, or familiarity with some special branch of industry, 
and whose means enable them to serve gratuitously. Persons so 
appointed are required to aid the Commissioner General and the Scien- 
tific Eeporting Commission in accumulating and arranging valuable 
information at the Exposition, in conformity with such regulations as 
may be prescribed by this Department. 

"The President directs me to offer to you an appointment as one of 
the twenty commissioners thus authorized, provided you are not inter- 
ested, directly or indirectly, in any article to be exhibited at the Expo- 



126 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

sition, and shall not, during your service as such commissioner, hold any 
other appointment or office of honor or trust under the United States. 

" You are requested to reply to this letter at your earliest convenience, 
and, should you accept the appointment, to inform me of the place of 
your birth. 

To scientific and professional commissioners. 

" Department of State, 

Washington, , 1866. 

" Sir: The President directs me to offer you an appointment as one of 
the ten scientific and professional commissioners of the United States to 
the Paris Universal Exposition, mentioned in sixth clause of the first 
section of the joint resolution of the 5th of July, 1866, a copy of which 
is annexed, provided that you are not interested, directly or indirectly, 
in any article to be exhibited at the Exposition, and that you shall hold 
no other appointment or office of honor or trust under the United States 
during your term of service as said commissioner. 

"In the event of your appointment you will be required to attend the 
Exposition during the period for which it shall remain open, and to co- 
operate with the Commissioner General in the preparation of reports 
upon it, in conformity with such regulations as may be prescribed by 
this Department. You will be allowed for the payment of traveling ex- 
penses the sum of one thousand dollars, which is the only allowance or 
compensation provided by law. 

" You are requested to reply to this letter at your earliest convenience, 
and, should you accept the appointment, to inform me of the place of 
your birth. 

Instructions to commissioners. 

"Department of State, 

" Washington, , 1867. 

"Sir: I inclose, for your information, a copy of the several joint 
resolutions relating to the participation of the United States in the 
Paris Universal Exposition of 1867. Pursuant to the third clause of the 
first section of the resolution approved on the 12th instant, the commis- 
sioners are required to meet at Paris as early as possible before the open- 
ing of the Exposition, upon the call of the Commissioner General. As 
that resolution was not passed and approved until the 12th instant, suf- 
ficient time is not allowed for the transmission of a copy to the Commis- 
sioner General, and the issue of a call by him for the assembling of the 
commissioners at Paris, which would enable them to reach that capital 
before the opening of the Exposition, the date appointed for which is the 
1st of April next. 

" It is important that as full and as early a meeting as possible of the 
commission at Paris shall be held; and I therefore, on behalf of the 



THE UNITED STATES COMMISSION. 127 

Commissioner General, request your attendance at that city at your 
earliest convenience, and in accordance with the regulations issued by 
this Department on the 20 th of August lasti, under the authority of the 
joint resolution approved on the 15th of January, 1866, a copy of which 
regulations has already been forwarded to you. 

REGULATIONS ISSUED BY THE DEPARTMENT 

The annexed is a copy of the regulations for the guidance of officers 
of the United States connected with the Paris Universal Exposition of 
1867, issued by the Secretary of State : 

"Chapter I. — The commissioners will make a report presenting a 
brief general survey of the Exposition, and a similar report upon the 
character and condition of the American exhibition. 

" They will make special reports upon inventions, and upon the various 
products displayed which are most advanced in the sciences, in the arts, 
and in industry, giving a practical description of the methods and pro- 
cesses connected with such products. 

" Similar reports will be made upon mineral and agricultural products 
of importance, and upon raw materials and manufactures of great gen- 
eral use, or displaying remarkable skill and merit ; upon implements, 
machines, tools ; on metallurgy, and the extractive arts in general; on 
the products of chemistry, and the preparations of food and clothing ; 
and on any other subject connected with the Exposition, and relating to 
the material, moral, and intellectual well-being of the nation. 

u To accomplish this work the commissioners will proceed as follows : 

u First. On or before the opening of the Exposition, 1st April, 1867, 
they will assemble in Paris, and meet for the purpose of organization, at 
which meeting the Commissioner General will preside. 

"Second. The commissioners will then constitute themselves a com- 
mittee, and proceed to elect a presiding officer and secretary for com- 
mittee meetings, which will be held as often as in their opinion the work 
may require. 

" Third. At these meetings the committee will decide, from time to 
time, on the subject for special reports, and designate the persons who 
will undertake the investigation and studies each report will require. 

" Fourth. Each report will be made on the responsibility of the person 
charged with it, and he will sign his name to it. 

" Fifth. The commissioners who may be nominated on international 
juries will perform that service. 

" Sixth. There will be regular meetings of the whole commission as 
often as once a month, at which meetings the Commissioner General will 
preside. 

u Seventh. The committee will report at these meetings the progress 
made, and the reports which have been completed will be read to the 
meeting by their authors, and then delivered to the Commissioner Gen- 



128 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

eral for transmission to the Department of State, (or disposed of as the 
Department may direct.) 

"Eighth. The meeting shall not be competent to reject any report ; 
but observations may be made on each report by any commissioner, and 
he may reduce his remarks to writing and send them with the report, if 
he so desire. It will be in order to decide upon subjects for special 
reports at the general meetings, as well as in meetings in committee. 

"Ninth. The Commissioner General is entitled to call upon the mem- 
bers of the commission for their advice and assistance in his depart- 
ment. Their assistance so given will be voluntary, and their counsel 
advisory. 

"Tenth. A brief record of the proceedings of the general meetings 
will be kept for transmission to this Department. 

" Chapter II. The Commissioner General is charged with the super- 
vision and management of the exhibition. 

" He will receive the products on their arrival in France and place 
them for exhibition, and he will conduct the exhibition in conformity 
with the regulations of the Imperial Commission. 

" The employes, whether paid by him or by exhibitors, and all persons 
engaged in explaining or exhibiting products, or occupied on the prem- 
ises, will be under his direction j also the application of motive force to 
machinery. 

" First. The L over-head gear/ straps, pulleys, &c, for machinery in 
action, together with the materials and laborers for working the ma- 
chinery and keeping it in order, will be at the expense of the owners of 
the machines. 

" Second. The Commissioner General will provide laborers for keeping 
the apartments in order, linguists for explanations, and subsidiary police 
or guards for the protection of property and preservation of order ; the 
number of persons to be so employed is left to his judgment, he having 
regard to the necessities and to the funds for this purpose placed at his 
disposal. Exhibitors may introduce employes in connection with their 
products, at their own expense, but they shall not so introduce them 
without the consent of the Commissioner General, and such employes 
will be under his direction. 

"Third. The government will not be responsible for damages, thefts, 
or destruction of property, and insurance against all contingent risks to 
property, either in the Exposition or in transitu, is left to the care and 
cost of the owners respectively. . 

" Fourth. With the closing of the Exposition in conformity with the 
regulations of the Imperial Commission, the government control and 
charge of the property will cease, and the Commissioner General will 
deliver the products to the order of the respective owners, who will 
receipt for them; which delivery will be made at the place of exhibition. 
Property not api>lied for and removed by the owners within the period 
fixed by the regulations of the Imperial Commission for that purpose 









THE UNITED STATES COMMISSION. 129 

will be at the risk of the owners, and subject to the charges which may 
accrue upon it. 

u Fifth. The Commissioner General will be responsible for the public 
money placed at his disposal, and will render the accounts of his expendi- 
tures to this Department, in conformity with the act of Congress." 

MEETINGS OF THE COMMISSON. 

Mr. Beckicith to Mr. Seward. 

"Paris April 12, 18G7. 

" I have the honor to report that a meeting of the United States Com- 
missioners to the Paris Exposition was called by me at this office, in 
conformity with the act of Congress, on the 29th March, and that the 
following commissioners were present: Messrs. Buggies, Evans, D'Al- 
igny, F. Leslie, Slade, Seymour, Kennedy, Goodwin, J. P. Lesley, Berney, 
Norton, Smith, Valentine, Beckwith — 14. 

" The Commissioner General presided. William Slade, esq., was re- 
quested to act as secretary pro tempore, and business was commenced by 
the reading of the acts of Congress and the regulations of the Secretary 
of State constituting the commission and directing its organization and 
its labors. 

■" The meeting then proceeded to the election of a vice-president, which 
resulted in the unanimous choice of S. B. Buggies, esq., to that office. 
Committees were appointed on by-laws and on the selection of suitable 
rooms for the regular meetings of the commission, whereupon the meet- 
ing adjourned to the following Tuesday, 2d of April, at 2 o'clock. 

" Several meetings have since been held, which were occupied chiefly 
with discussions on the appointment of committees, the choice of new 
members, and other measures, which have not yet resulted in completing 
the organization of the commission for work. 

" I append hereto a list of the commissioners who have arrived since 
the first meeting, and a list of those still absent : 

" Since arrived. — Messrs. Barnard, Budd, Mudge, Stevens — 4. 

" Still absent. — Messrs. Bowen, Hewitt, Stewart, Freese, Adams, 
Jones, Archer, Mcllvaine, Winchester, Leathermann, Garrison, Sweat, 
Leconte— 13." 

ATTENDANCE OF COMMISSIONERS. 

Mr. Beckwith to Mr. Seward. 

" Paris, December 11, 1867. 

" I have the honor to inclose herewith a list of the names of the com- 
missioners appointed by the government, who have been present in Paris 
at any time during the Exposition ; a list of the honorary commissioners 
elected by the previous commissioners, with the dates of their election, 
and explanatory remarks j and a tabular statement showing the number 
9 p E 



130 PAKIS UNIVEESAL EXPOSITION. 

and dates of the sessions held by the commission, with a record of the 
attendance of each member. 

"I transmit also to yonr address a volume containing the minutes of 
the proceedings of the commission, recorded by the secretary of the 
commission, Mr. L. F. Mellen. 

" List of commissioners appointed by the government who have been 
present at any time during the Exposition. — Messrs. Slade, Evans, Nor- 
ton, Stevens, Kennedy, Buggies, Bo wen, Berney, D'Aligny, Barnard, 
Seymour, Freese, Goodwin, Mudge, F. Leslie, Budd, Valentine, Smith, 
Hewitt, J. P. Lesley, Garrison, Stewart, Beckwith, Archer. 

" List of honorary commissioners elected under the joint resolution of 
Congress of the 12th March, 1867.— Messrs. Elliot C. Cowdin, of New 
York, elected 29th April ; George S. Hazard, of Buffalo, elected 29th 
April j W. S. Auchincloss, of New York, elected 6th May ; William J. 
Flagg, of Ohio, elected 9th May; Alexander Thompson, of New York, 
elected 9th May ; Professor William B. Rogers, of Boston, elected 9th 
May, (declined to accept;) Professor S. F. B. Morse, of New York, elected 
9th May; Professor J. T. Frazer, of Philadelphia, elected 9th May; 
Messrs. B.F. Nourse, of Boston, elected 9th May, (resigned;) L. F. Mellen, 
of Alabama, elected 9th May; M. P. Wilder, of Boston, elected 9th May ; 
J. P. Reynolds, of Illinois, elected 13th May ; J. H. Ohadwick, of Massa- 
chusetts, elected 26th May ; Thomas McElrath, of New York, elected 
8th June ; Patrick Barry, of Rochester, elected 6th July ; William E. 
Johnston, M. D., of Paris, elected 13th July; Professor J. W. Hoyt, of 
Wisconsin, elected 10th August" 



THE UNITED STATES COMMISSION. 



131 



Record of sessions and attendance of each member 



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i 
l 

l 


1 

l 
l 

l 
l 
i 

l 

V 

i 

i 
i 

l 
l 
l 

l 

i 

l 


.1 

I 

T3 - 




28 


Slade 


^3 




09 




91 




i 


1 


I 


1 
1 
1 

1 


1 
1 
1 

1 


1 
1 

1 
1 


1 
1 


1 

1 

1 
1 

1 


1 
1 
1 

1 
1 

1 


21 




19 






1 

1 


1 
1 


Ifi 




i 


Ifi 




16 


Barnard 

D'Alis^iv 


i 

i 
i 


1 

1 
1 
1 


1 
1 
1 


1 
1 


1 


1 
1 


1 
1 


15 
15 




14 




12 




11 






















11 




i 


1 
1 


1 
1 


1 


1 

1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 
1 

1 

1 
1 


1 

1 
1 

1 
1 
1 

1 


1 
1 

1 

1 
1 


10 




10 






9 


Leslie, F 


i 


1 

1 

1 
1 


1 
1 

1 


1 

1 


1 
1 

1 




1 


1 

1 
1 


1 


8 


Budd 


8 


Johnson 


i 

i 


7 


Smith 


6 


Flag g 


6 


Hewitt 
















1 


1 
1 
1 


6 


Lesley, J. P 


i 


1 




1 








5 
5 


Wilder .. 


















4 


Reynolds 




















4 


Hazard 
















1 


1 




3 


Stewart 

Cowdin 
















2 
o 


Garrison 




























1, 






















1 


18 


13 




1i 


Archer 

Chadwick 

Frazer 

Barry 

McElrath 

Hoyt 

Total* 


:: 

13 


" 


= 


12 


13 


11 


10 


13 


15 


11 
li 











* The total number of meetings was thirty. 

CLOSE OF THE EXPOSITION AND DEL1VEKY OF OBJECTS. 

Mr. Beckicitli to Mr. Seward, 

" Paris, November 2, 1867. 
^ "The circumstances attending the close of the Exposition were as 
follows : 

" On the 29th October the Imperial Commission published in the Mon- 
iteur the notice hereto annexed, to the effect that the rumors of 



132 PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

a prolongation were unfounded, and that the Exposition would be defin- 
itively closed on the 31st October. 

" On the same day letters were addressed by the Imperial Commission 
to the foreign commissioners, inviting them to a conference with the Im- 
perial Commission on the 30th. 

" The conference was presided over by the minister of state, assisted 
by the two vice-presidents, the minister of commerce and public works, 
and the minister of the Emperor's household. 

" The minister of state informed the meeting that the applications for 
the prolongation of the Exposition for two weeks, from sources entitled 
to great respect, had become so numerous and pressing, that he thought 
it his duty to consult the foreign commissioners on the subject, hoping 
to find their views in accord with the public wishes, and suggesting that 
if the continuation of the Exposition for so long a period was not 
thought advisable, perhaps a shorter period might be agreed upon, and 
a portion of the proceeds during that time applied to public charities. 

" A brief discussion followed, in which several members of the Impe- 
rial Commission and several of the foreign commissioners expressed 
their views. At this point the foreign commissioners desired permission, 
which was granted, to retire and deliberate by themselves and report 
the result of their deliberation to the Imperial Commission. 

" The great majority of foreign commissioners, on coming together, 
appeared to be in favor of the prolongation ; some were opposed to it; 
and of the latter the commissioners of Prussia, England, Russia, Austria, 
and the United States were in the outset of one opinion, viz : 

" 1. That they were without authority from their respective govern- 
ments to assent to a prolongation. 

" 2. That the regulations confirmed by imperial decree of the 12th 
July, 1865, fixing the close of the Exposition on the 31st October, form 
the contract between the Imperial Commission and the exhibitors, and 
cannot be departed from without the consent of the exhibitors, which it 
is now too late to obtain. It is impossible, therefore, to assent to a pro- 
longation ; but the two first days of November being religious fetes, 
and the third Sunday, not much work can be done ; hence it is prac- 
ticable to consider the Exposition closed on the 31st, in conformity with 
the contract, allow exhibitors to take possession of their products, com- 
mence the delivery of such as are sold, the taking down and packing of 
those not sold, and in general to begin the work ; it is desirable at the 
same time to admit the public at the usual price during the three days 
of fete, as it will not materially embarrass the little work which can be 
done, and will create a considerable fund, to be given to the poor of 
Paris. 

" These views, after considerable discussion, were agreed to by the 
foreign commissioners in general, reported to the Imperial Commission, 
and in substance accepted by them as developed in the annexed notice 
from the Moniteur, in which an appeal is also made by the Im- 






THE CLOSING OF THE EXPOSITION. 133 

perial Commission to the exhibitors to favor the charitable object of the 
three days as far as their convenience will permit. 

"In conformity with this arrangement, the sale and delivery of prod- 
ucts, the introduction of packing boxes and workmen, and the prepara- 
tion for a general demolition of the Exposition are going on, in presence 
of visitors, whose admission will terminate on the 3d instant. 

" To avoid any misapprehension, I beg to state distinctly that no dis- 
position nor wish was shown to modify the inrplied contract resulting 
from the regulations, without the entire concurrence of all parties inter- 
ested, and the conference was invited for the purpose of mutual consul- 
tation and harmonious action on that subject. 

" I have also to report that the United States Commission, which for 
some time past has held daily sessions for the dispatch of the business 
intrusted to them, brought their meetings to a close with the close of the 
Exposition on the evening of the 31st October, and adjourned sine die. 
The proceedings were concluded by a unanimous vote of thanks to the 
Commissioner General, also to the commissioners who have acted success- 
ively as secretaries to the commission. 

"The journal of the proceedings of the commission, and the reports 
which they have prepared, will be forwarded in due course to the Depart- 
ment of State." 

CEREALS COLLECTED BY EXCHANGE. 

Mr. Beckwith to Mr. Seward. 

" Paris, December 18, 1867. 

"I have the honor to transmit herewith a catalogue of 1,442 speci- 
mens of cereals which I have collected, partly by exchanges, at the close 
of the Exposition. 

" They are derived from each of the countries surrounding the Medi- 
terranean, every country in Europe, and many localities of each country, 
and are consequently the product of great varieties of climate and soil, 
and being Exposition specimens are likely to be the result of the most 
approved methods of production, and free from' noxious weeds and 
herbs. 

" The collection comprises wheat, oats, beans, corn, millet, hemp, bar- 
ley, buckwheat, linseed, rape, rye, beets, colza, mustard, carrots, clover, 
radish, canary, sorghum, sesame, peas, anise, timothy, &c. 

" The quantity of each is unavoidably small, but probably sufficient 
for reproduction, and if distributed among many cultivators in suitable 
localities as regards climate and soil, may, perhaps, introduce some 
varieties which have been improved by laborious and intelligent care- 
in the cultivation. 

" The specimens are enveloped in paper sacks, each of which is num- 
bered to correspond with the numbers and description in the catalogue, 



134 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

and are packed in a box addressed to the Agricultural Bureau, Wash- 
ington, and forwarded by the ship Mercury, care of J. 0. Derby, esq., 
agent, New York." 

DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAL COLLECTIONS. 

Mr. Beckwith to Mr. Seivard. 

" Paris, March 27, 1868. 

" Sir : Since the close of the Exposition I have delivered to the 
exhibitors in the mineral department all the specimens claimed by them, 
and taken receipts for them. 

" But there remained after such deliveries a large quantity unclaimed, 
consisting principally of specimens, from numerous localities, of coal, 
iron, lead, copper, zinc, mica, franklinite, kaolin, hydraulic cement, 
building stones, marbles, slate, sulphates, carbonates, alum, salt, sul- 
phur, pyrites, &c. These specimens were contributed in small quanti- 
ties from many sources, and for the purpose of return to the United 
States they would only be worth the price of raw minerals. This 
would be covered by a small sum of money, not enough to defray the 
expenses of return or redistribution, even if ownership could be deter- 
mined, which in most cases it could not be ; these, and similar consid- 
erations, are, doubtless, the reason of their remaining unclaimed. In 
addition to the coarser minerals above named, Mr. Whitney, of Colo- 
rado, placed at my disposal a large and beautiful collection of the ores 
of that region, containing silver, gold, copper, lead, &c. But though 
the mineral value of these products for the purpose of returning them 
to the place of their origin is less than the expense, the question of value 
as specimens for analysis and study assumes a different aspect j the col- 
lection of minerals from remote regions involves considerable labor 
and cost, which are the proper measure of their value for the purposes 
alluded to, and I have thought the most useful disposition I could make 
of them would be to distribute them among the colleges, schools, muse- 
ums, and other public institutions for the promotion of mineralogical 
studies, thus placing before the student classes the means of acquiring 
some knowledge of the quality and extent of the mineral products of 
the United States as a field for the young and enterprising. 

"For this purpose the minerals were assorted, classified, labeled, 
divided, catalogued, and packed by Mr. D'Aligny, mining engineer, in 
separate parcels, and having obtained the requisite authorizations from 
the authorities, I have made, in the name of the contributor and of the 
government, the following gratuitous distribution of them : 

Boxes. S P eci " 
mens. 

Association Polytechnique 10 70 

Conservatoire Imperial des Arts et Metiers . . . # 5 68 

ficole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures 7 162 



DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS AND ORES. 135 



Boxes. 

mens. 



Speci 

mens. 

fieole Chr£tierme de Passy 7 114 

Ecole ^Application du Genie Maritime - - 2 37 

ficole Imperials de Grignan 4 43 

Ecole Imperiale des Mines — department of geology, 4 boxes, 
78 specimens ; department of mineralogy, 2 boxes, 55 speci- 
mens 6 133 

Museum d'Histoire Xaturelle 7 92 

Musee de Toulouse 2 61 

L'Uniou Centrale des Beaux- Arts, (building materials) 6 66 

College Ckaptal 3 32 

Musee Royal de Bruxelles 1 71 

Musee Industriel de Turin 4 56 

Universite de Christiania 2 48 

ficole Poly technique de Stockholm 2 53 

Total 68 1,106 



" With the minerals I distributed also a number of the General Land 
Office reports and maps of the mineral regions, which I had reserved for 
this purpose. I annex hereto a translation of the letter addressed to the 
minister of commerce, agriculture, and public works, which is similar to 
those addressed to each of the other departments ; also copies of the 
several replies to these letters, with translations." 

Mr. Beclncitli to the minister of agriculture, commerce, and public works. 

" Paris, March 9, 1868. 

" Sir : Several exhibitors in the mineralogical section of the United 
States exhibition having left their specimens at the disposal of the gov- 
ernment, I have caused selections to be made of such as I deemed useful 
or interesting to some of the public institutions in the department of 
your excellency, and I hereby ask leave to present the collections thus 
made as follows : 

"To the Central School of Arts and Manufactures, 7 boxes, containing 162 
specimens of lead, coal, zinc, iron, silver, copper, emery, frank- 
linite, &c. 
u To the Conservatory of Arts and Trades, 6 boxes, containing 69 speci- 
mens of lead, coal, zinc, iron, silver, copper, emery, franklinite, &c. 
" To the Imperial School of Mines, geological department, 6 boxes, con- 
taining 78 specimens of lead, coal, zinc, iron, silver, copper, emery, 
franklinite, &c. 
''To the Imperial School of Mines, mineralogical department, 2 boxes, con- 
taining 55 specimens of lead, coal, ziuc, iron, silver, copper, emery, 
franklinite, &c. 
" To the Imperial School of Grignan, 4 boxes, containing 43 specimens of 
lead, coal, zinc, iron, silver, copper, emery, franklinite, &c. 



136 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

" Detailed catalogues and envelopes containing duplicate catalogues 
addressed to the different institutions named above are herewith in- 
closed." 

Similar letters were addressed to Messrs. Brostrom, consul general 
of Sweden and Norway, for Polytechnic School of Stockholm, Univer- 
site de Christiania; Le Baron Haussmann, prefet de la Seine, Associa- 
tion Polytechnique, College Municipal Chaptalj Duruy, minister of 
public instruction, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle j Minister of Marine, 
33cole Imperiale des Genie Maritime ; M. Guichard, president Associa- 
tion des Beaux- Arts appliques a Flndustrie; Frere Philippe, ficole Chre- 
tienne de Passy ; S. Le Bayer, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse ; 
Minister of the Interior, Brussels, Musee Royal de Bruxelles $ Le Chev- 
alier Jervis 3 Museum de Turin. 

TRANSLATIONS OF REPLIES RECEIVED IN RESPONSE TO THE FOREGOING. 

" Paris, March 23, 1868. 

" Sir : You inform me in your letter of the 9th March that several of 
the exhibitors in the mineralogical section of the United States of America 
have placed their specimens at the disposition of your government, and 
you have been so good as to express the desire to distribute among the 
establishments under the direction of this department a portion of the 
specimens named, such as you think of a nature to be useful or inter- 
esting to them, requesting the authorization to present the minerals in 
question to the institutions named in your letter, inclosing to me at the 
same time catalogues and letters addressed to the directors of those 
establishments, upon the receipt of which the packages will be delivered. 
I accept cordially this generous offer, for which I pray you to accept my 
thanks. 

" I will transmit to the directors of those establishments the letters 
you have been pleased to address to them, and I beg you to receive the 
assurance of my distinguished consideration. 

" The Minister of Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Worlcs, 

"DE FOECADE." 

" Prefecture of the Department of the Seine, 

"Paris, March 26, 1868. 
" Sir : You have been so good as to offer in the name of the exhibit- 
ors of the United States a collection of mineral specimens for the Mu- 
nicipal College of Chaptal, and for the 'Polytechnic Association, which 
institutions are under the patronage of the city of Paris. 

" Those establishments will surely find these interesting collections 
useful auxiliaries in teaching, and I pray you to accept my cordial 
thanks for them, with assurances of my distinguished consideration. 
u Le Senateur, Prefet de la Seine, 

"HAUSSMAIOr." 



DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS AND ORES. 137 

u Institution des Freres des IScoles Chretiennes, 

" Paris, March 11, 18G8. 
" Sir : I "have received with your generous letter of the 9th instant the 
catalogue of seven cases of minerals, the produce of the United States 
of America, which you have been so good as to present to this institu- 
tion, and have lost no time in taking possession of this rich and precious 
collection. 

" A gift so gracious leaves us without words to express our thanks, 
but, penetrated with the liveliest sentiments, I offer, in the name of our 
institution, and in my own name, first to you, and in your person to the 
great and generous government you so well represent, the tribute of our 
gratitude for the excellent gift we have received from your liberality. 

" I pray you, sir, to accept this modest tribute, and permit me to add 
the homage of the respectful sentiments with which I have the honor 
to be 

" Your obedient servant, 

u Le Superieur General, 

" EEEEE PHILIPPE." 

" MlNISTERE DE i/lNSTRUCTION PUBLIQUE, 

" Paris, March 25, 1868. 
" Sir : You have been pleased to express the desire, by your letter of 
the 9th instant, to offer to the museum, in the name of the exhibitors of 
the miner alogical section of the United States, an interesting collection 
of mineral products from that country. I pray you to accept my cordial 
thanks for this gift, which will add to the riches of the mineralogical 
department of the museum. I have requested the director of that estab- 
lishment to take the necessary steps immediately to place the museum 
in possession of your contribution. 

" Be pleased to receive the assurances of my distinguished considera- 
tion. 

u Le Ministre de V Instruction Puhlique, 

DUEUY. 

a fiC0LE IMPERIALE DE GENIE MARITIME, 

" Paris, March 1G, 18G8. 

" Sir : In reply to your letter of the 9th instant, I have the honor to 
inform you that I have received the specimens of coal from different 
localities presented to the School of Marine Engineering by the exhib- 
itors of the United States of America. 

" This collection possesses great interest for us. I hasten to express 
my gratitude for the destination you have given it, and pray you to 
convey these expressions to the exhibitors, whose names will be care- 
fully inscribed on the specimens which they have given to the school. 

u Be pleased to receive the assurance of my high consideration. 

" Le Directeur de VEcole Imperiale d? Application du Genie Maritime, 

"S. EEEOH." 



138 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

"Kingdom of Italy, 
" Royal Italian Industrial Museum at Turin. 
" The director of the museum returns thanks to the Commission of 
the United States at the Universal Exposition of 1867 for the objects 
named below, presented to the museum, and in consideration of their 
importance has directed that they form part of the collections intended 
to illustrate the latest progress of industry : 

" Collection of mineral products from the United States of America, 
coming from the Universal Exposition of 1867, at Paris. 

" The Director, 

"DE YIW)EKZL» 

"Ecole Imperiale des Mines, 

" Paris, March 25, 1868. 
" Sir : The minister of agriculture, commerce, and public works has 
transmitted to me the letter you did me the honor to address to me on 
the 9th instant, offering to the School of Mines six cases of minerals 
from the United States, which have been displayed at the Universal 
Exposition of 1867. 

" I shall lose no time in taking possession of these cases, and I make 
haste to offer you my thanks for this interesting collection, which will 
be placed, with care, in the museum of the School of Mines, and a spe- 
cial mention will make known its origin and the names of the contri- 
butors. 

"Be pleased to receive the renewed assurances of my distinguished 
consideration. 

"Ulnspecteur General des Mines, 

Directeur de VEcole Imperiale des Mines, 

"CH. COMBES." 

" CONSULAT GENERAL DE SWEDE ET IsTORVEGE, 

" Havre, March 11, 1868. 
" Sir : I had the honor to receive your letter of the 9th instant, 
announcing the generous offer which you were pleased to make, in the 
name of the mineralogical section of the United States of America, at 
the Universal Exposition of Paris, of four cases, containing samples of 
minerals, of which two are intended for the Polytechnic School at Stock- 
holm, and two for the University of Christiania, in conformity with the 
two catalogues inclosed in your letter. 

" I will immediately take possession of the cases, in conformity with 
your letter of address. 

" Be pleased to accept the expression of my distinguished consider 
tion. 

" Consul General for Sweden and N'onvai), 

" CH. BBOSTBOM." 



a- 

I 



DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS AND ORES. 139 

" MlNISTERE DE LA MARINE ET DES COLONIES, 

" Paris, March 16, 1868. 

" Sir : I have received the letter which you did me the honor to 
address to me on the 9th instant, proposing to present to the Imperial 
School of Marine Engineering two cases of mineral specimens from the 
Exposition of 1867. 

" I hasten to inform you that I accept with lively pleasure this offer, 
and that I have transmitted to the director of that establishment the 
catalogue of samples which you have been so good as to present to my 
department. 

a Be pleased to receive the assurance of my distinguished considera- 
tion. 

u L'Amiral Ministre Secretaire d'lStat de la Marine et des Colonies, 

"A. RIGAULT DE GE^OUILLY." 



III. 

THE ACTION OF CONGRESS— ESTIMATES, APPRO- 
PRIATIONS, AND EXPENSES. 

Joint resolutions passed by Congress — Estimates by the Commissioner Gen- 
eral OF THE COST OF THE EXPOSITION — ESTIMATES, IN DETAIL, FOR TRANSPORTATION, 
UNPACKING, INSTALLATION, GUARDING, LINGUISTS — FOUNDATIONS AND FIXTURES FOR 
MACHINERY — DECORATIONS, CASES, STORAGE, LEGAL EXPENSES, ETC. — ESTIMATE OF 
EXPENSES OF SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION — DISCUSSION OF THE AMENDMENTS PROPOSING 
TO STRIKE OUT THE PROVISIONS FOR THE PAYMENT OF A PART OF THE APPROPRIA- 
TION LN COIN — EEPORT OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE UPON THE NECESSITY FOR 
FURTHER APPROPRLATIONS — EXPENDITURES, REPORT FROM THE COMMISSIONER GEN- 
ERAL — Report from the Agent in New York. 

JOINT KESOLUTIONS 

IN RELATION TO THE INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITION AT PARIS, FRANCE. 

"Whereas the United States have been invited by the government of 
France to take part in a Universal Exposition of the productions of 
agriculture, manufactures, and the fine arts, to he held in Paris, France, 
in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-seven : Therefore, 

u Be it resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled, That said invitation is accepted. 

" Sec 2. And be it further resolved, That the proceedings heretofore 
adopted by the Secretary of State in relation to the said Exposition, as 
set forth in his report and accompanying documents concerning that 
subject, transmitted to both houses of Congress with the President's 
message of the eleventh instant, are approved. 

" Sec 3. And be it further resolved, That the general agent for the 
said Exposition at New York be authorized to employ such clerks as may 
be necessary to enable him to fulfill the requirements of the regulations 
of the Imperial Commission, not to exceed four in number, one of whom 
shall receive compensation at the rate of eighteen hundred dollars per 
annum, one at sixteen hundred dollars, and two at fourteen hundred 
dollars. 

" Sec 4. And be it further resolved, That the Secretary of State be, 
and is hereby, authorized and requested to prescribe such general regu- 
lations concerning the conduct of the business relating to the part to be 
taken by the United States in the Exposition as may be proper. 

"Approved January 15, 18(i6.' 7 
" Joint Besoltjtion to enable the people of the United States to par- 
ticipate in the advantages of the Universal Exposition at Paris in 

eighteen hundred and sixty-seven. 

" Be it resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled, That, in order to enable the 



142 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

people of the United States to participate in the advantages of the Uni- 
versal Exposition of the productions of agriculture, manufactures, and 
the fine arts, to be held at Paris in the year eighteen hundred and sixty- 
seven, the following sums, or so much thereof as may be necessary for 
the purposes severally specified, are hereby appropriated out of any 
money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated: 

u First To provide necessary furniture and fixtures for the proper 
exhibition of the productions of the United States, according to the 
plan of the Imperial Commissioners, in that part of the building exclu- 
sively assigned to the use of the United States, forty-eight thousand 
dollars. 

" Secondly. To provide additional accommodations in the Park, twenty- 
five thousand dollars. 

" Thirdly. For the compensation of the principal agent of the exhibi- 
tion in the United States, at the rate of two thousand dollars a year — 
Provided, That the period of such service shall not extend beyond sixty 
days after the close of the exhibition — four thousand dollars, or so much 
thereof as may be found necessary. 

" Fourthly. For office rent at New York ; for fixtures, stationery, and 
advertising ; for rent of storehouse for reception of articles and pro- 
ducts $ for expenses of shipping, including cartages, &c; for freights on 
the articles to be exhibited, from New York to France ; and for compen- 
sation of four clerks, in conformity with the joint resolution approved 
on the fifteenth of January, eighteen hundred and sixty- six, and for con- 
tingent expenses, the sum of thirty-three thousand seven hundred dol- 
lars, or so much thereof as may be found necessary. 

" Fifthly. For expenses in receiving, bonding, storage, cartage, labor, 
and so forth, at Havre ; for railway transportation from Havre to Paris; 
lor labor in the Palace ; for sweeping and sprinkling compartments for 
seven months ; for guards and keepers for seven months ; for linguists 
(eight men) for seven months; for storing, packing boxes, carting, and 
for material for repacking ; for clerk-hire, stationery, rent, and contin- 
gent expenses, the sum of thirty-five thousand seven hundred and three 
dollars, or so much thereof as may be found necessary. 

" Sixthly. For the traveling expenses of ten professional and scien- 
tific commissioners, to be appointed by the President, by and with the 
advice and consent of the Senate, at the rate of one thousand dollars 
each, ten thousand dollars, it being understood that the President may 
appoint additional commissioners, not exceeding twenty in number, 
whose expenses shall not be paid ; but no person interested, directly or 
indirectly, in any article exhibited shall be a commissioner ; nor shall 
any member of Congress, or any person holding an appointment or office 
of honor or trust under the United States, be appointed a commissioner, 
agent, or officer, under this resolution. 

" Sec. 2. And be it further resolved, That the governors of the several 
States be, and they are hereby, requested to invite the patriotic people 
of their respective States to assist in the proper representation of the 



THE ACTION BY CONGRESS. 143 

handiwork of our artisans, and the prolific sources of material wealth 
with which our land is blessed, and to take such further measures as 
may be necessary to diffuse a knowledge of the proposed exhibition, and 
to secure to their respective States the advantages which it promises. 

" Sec. 3. And be it further resolved. That it shall be the duty of the 
said general agent at New York, and the said Commissioner General at 
Taiis, to transmit to Congress, through the Department of State, a 
detailed statement of the manner in which such expenditures as are 
hereinbefore provided for are made by them respectively. 

"Approved July 5, 1866 » 
"A Besolution to provide for the exhibition of the cereal productions 
of the United States at the Paris Exposition in April next. 

" Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled, That the Commissioner of Agri- 
culture be, and he is hereby, instructed to collect and prepare, as far as 
practicable, and with as little delay as possible, suitable specimens of 
the cereal productions of the several States of the Union, for exhibition 
at the Paris Exposition, and forward the same in proper order and con- 
dition for shipment to J. C. Derby, agent of the United States govern- 
ment for the Paris Exposition, at New York : Provided, That it shall 
require no farther appropriation from the public treasury. 

"Approved January 11, 1867." 
"A Kesolution supplementary to other joint resolutions to enable the 

people of the United States to participate in the advantages of the 

Universal Exposition at Paris in 1867. 

" Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United . 
States of America in Congress assembled — 

" I. That the commission of the United States at the Universal Expo- 
sition to be held at Paris in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-seven 
shall consist of the Commissioner General and honorary commissioner, 
whose appointment was approved by the joint resolution of January 
twenty-two, eighteen hundred and sixty-six ; also of the thirty commis- 
sioners, whose appointment was provided for by the joint resolution of 
July five, eighteen hundred and sixty-six, and of twenty commissioners, 
whose appointment is hereinafter provided for. 

" II. That the Commissioner General shall be the president of the com- 
mission thus constituted, with a vote on all questions that may arise. 

" III. That the commission shall meet at Paris as early as possible before 
the opening of the Exposition, upon the call of the Commissioner General, 
and when properly organized, shall make such rules and regulations as 
may be necessary for efficient action, with power to elect a vice-president 
from their own number, who, in the absence of the Commissioner Gen- 
eral, shall preside at all meetings of the commission, and to appoint 
committees and chairmen of groups. 



144 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

"IV. That the commission may designate additional persons, not ex- 
ceeding twenty in number, being citizens of the United States, known 
to be skilled in any branch of industry or art, who are hereby authorized 
to attend the Exposition in behalf of the United States, as honorary 
commissioners without compensation. 

" Y. That the commission may employ a secretary and clerks for the 
commission, the necessary scientific assistants and draughtsmen, and 
may engage suitable rooms for the commission. 

" VI. That no commissioner shall act as agent for the show or sale of 
any article at the Exposition, or be interested^ directly or indirectly, in 
any profits from any such article. 

" Sec. 2. And be' it further resolved, That fifty thousand dollars, or so 
much thereof as may be necessary for the purposes severally specified, 
are hereby appropriated out of any money in the treasury not otherwise 
appropriated. 

" For additional freights from New York to Havre. 

" For transportation and freight from Havre to Paris. 

a Yoy return freight of articles owned by the United States or lent to 
the government by individuals. 

" For marine and fire insurance on the articles thus lent. 

"For additional steam-power at Paris, in the Palace and the Annex, 
or supplemental building, and in grounds adjacent. 

" For the exhibition of machines, agricultural and other, and for the 
erection of buildings to illustrate the education and agriculture of the 
United States, and for the collection of specimens of agricultural pro- 
ductions under the joint resolution for that purpose. 

" For the necessary expense of collecting, classifying, labeling, and 
packing mineralogical and metallurgical specimens to complete the exhi- 
bition of the mineral wealth of the United States. 

" For the necessary expense of laborers and extra service in the offices 
at Paris and New York, and for the expenses of a secretary, clerks, sci- 
entific assistants, and draughtsmen, rooms, and other incidental expenses 
of the commission. 

" Sec. 3. And be it further resolved, That it shall be the duty of the 
general agent at New York, and of the Commissioner General at Paris, to 
transmit to Congress, through the Department of State, a detailed state- 
ment of the manner in which the expenditures herein authorized are 
made by them respectively. 

"Approved March 12, 1867." 



ESTIMATES OF COST OF THE EXPOSITION. 

Mr. BeeJcwith to Mr. Seward. 






"Paris, January 11, 1866. 
"Sir: The joint resolutions on the subject of the Exposition, pre- 
sented to Congress on the 21st December, provide for the expenses of a 



ESTIMATES OF THE EXPENSES. 145 

scientific commission, the freight of products to and from Europe, and 
the expenses of the agency in New York. 

" I beg to suggest the expediency of introducing into these resolutions 
a similar distinct provision for the expenses on this side. 

" The service here will continue longer than in New York, and will be 
more expensive, because it will require more employes. 

11 The principal items will be, rent and expenses of an office in which 
the business of the Exposition can be transacted, and in which the reg- 
ular meetings and work of the scientific commission can be accommo- 
dated ; the wages of clerks ; the cost of stationery, printing, fuel, lights, 
&c. ; and the wages of an engineer architect, for the constructions to be 
made. 

" Notarial expenses : all the work should be put under notarial con- 
tracts in May or June next, at the latest. From the nature of the con- 
structions and the distribution of the work, the contracts will be numer- 
ous } and unless put in notarial and legal form, so that the work can be 
pressed under penalties, it will not be done in time, and worse still, there 
will be numerous disputes and troublesome lawsuits about it, which 
should be avoided. 

" The expenses of warehousing and labor at Havre and inland trans- 
portation, in and out, will be considerable. 

" The reception of the products at Paris, and the unpacking and placing 
for exhibition, will take place in winter, when the days in this latitude 
are short, and the weather stormy and uncertain. 

"The work can go on only by daylight; the distance from the entre- 
pots of the railway to the Champ de Mars is three miles, directly across 
the city ; the expenses of cartage will not only be considerable, but the 
work must be carefully looked after throughout, or there will be much 
damage to property, and no redress. 

" The item of cab hire will of necessity be considerable, and will be an 
economy as beiug less expensive than more clerks, which will otherwise 
be indispensable. 

" The labor of placing machinery to be worked by motive force, or 
not worked, and the labor of unpacking and repacking, and of other 
products, and handling and placing of them for exhibition, must be done 
by a class of competent laborers, under the constant direction of the en- 
gineer architect before spoken of. 

"It is impossible to compute in advance, with any useful accuracy, 
these incidental expenses. 

" But the item of cost of installation, (fixtures, show-cases, &c.,) as 
stated in my letter of the 23d November, cannot, I think, be brought 
under $48,000, in Paris. 

" The installations are the work alluded to, which must be put under 
contracts in May and June, and the contracts must be supervised in the 
making by the enginer architect, who alone is familiar with the techni- 
calities requisite in such contracts. 

10 P E 



146 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

" My estimates for tliis item are based on a careful study of the details 
of the cost of similar work in London and in Paris, supplied to me by 
the Imperial Commission and used for their own estimates ; and I may 
add, that the appropriations made in this department by Switzerland, 
as I am informed, amount to $80,000, to cover what I estimate at $48,000, 
it being my intention to dispense with the ornamental that is not useful 
and necessary. 

" I have not thought it necessary to trouble you with even this much 
of detail, and my apology for doing so now is, that on reading the draught 
of resolutions referred to, it occurs to me that you may think it desirable 
to ask for the introduction in these resolutions of a more distinct provi- 
sion for the expenditures on this side, which involve also exchanges, 
and for all which you will have occasion subsequently to authorize the 
disbursements, which must go on simultaneously with the work. 

" I beg to repeat the opinion I have before expressed, that the exhibi- 
tion cannot cost under $200,000, nor do I think it can exceed $400,000 ; 
probably it will not vary much from $300,000, and in my judgment it 
would be better not to undertake it than to do so on a less scale, which 
I am confident would result in disappointment and dissatisfaction. 

"As soon as the final action of Congress is known, I will take the lib- 
erty of suggesting some regulations and instructions in that conformity, 
applicable chiefly to the work on this side, and to the disbursements and 
accounts, which suggestions, I trust, may recommend themselves to your 
consideration by their fitness in a manner to obtain your sanction." 

Mr. Beckwith to Hon. AT. P. Banks. 

" Paris, February 21, 1866. 

u I have taken the liberty of addressing a letter to you as chairman of 
the Committee on Foreign Eelations, presenting in considerable detail 
my estimates of the expenses of the exhibition. 

" You will, I think, be convinced, if you had any doubt, that the appro- 
priation proposed in Congress is inadequate to the occasion, and that 
the subject deserves reconsideration. Judging from the debates in the 
House which have reached me, the Exposition, in the estimation of that 
body, is not of much importance to the United States. I inclose here- 
with a list of the names of the English committee, present at their last 
meeting in London. Most of them will be familiar to you ; they are 
those of men most prominent in politics, in industry, in the sciences and 
the arts. 

'• Similar organizations exist in most of the countries of Europe, and 
they indicate the importance which is on this side ascribed to the Expo- 
sition. These appreciations may be exaggerated, or they may not be, but 
there is no feature in the civil affairs of Europe so striking as the won- 
derful and steady growth of the commerce and wealth of the leading 
nations ; and whether or not they overrate the value of the Exposition, 
I feel convinced that no country, not even France, can derive so much 



ESTIMATES OF THE EXPENSES. 147 

benefit from it as the United States, in every sense, scientific, industrial, 
commercial, and political. 

"Under the circumstances which are now past, the government might 
perhaps have made or found reasons for decliniug to accept the invita- 
tion of the French government, though I think that would have been 
impolitic, and in the end unsatisfactory to the country. But Congress 
has accepted the invitation, and it now remains to consider the provi- 
sions suitable for it. The new feature of this Exposition is, that the 
producers of the different countries appear only through their govern- 
ments. 

u The government of the United States cannot come forward and pre- 
sent the products of the nation, scientific, industrial, mineral, and agri- 
cultural, in a manner satisfactory to itself and to the country, without 
the expenditure of a considerable sum of money ; it is to be done not 
only in presence of the governments of Europe, but in competition 
with them, and they are doing their best in the same way for their own 
people. 

"At a later period, when the entire press of Europe, able and powerful 
as it is in its influence on public opinion and affairs, becomes occupied 
with the Exposition, as it certainly will be, the importance of it in every ' 
point of view will become more apparent to those who at present have 
not the time nor occasion to reflect upon it. 

" But in addressing you it would be superfluous, and in me presump- 
tive, to dwell upon the numerous and interesting considerations which 
invite us to the Exposition." 

Mr. BecTcivith to Mr. Seward. 

" Paris, February 21, 1866. 

" I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 29th 
January ; also, the letter of the acting Secretary of State, of the 15th 
January. 

" I have thought it might be useful to lay before the chairman of the 
Committee on Foreign Affairs, in the House of Eepresentati ves, estimates 
of the cost of the exhibition in much greater detail than those I have 
heretofore submitted, and I have accordingly addressed him on the sub- 
ject. 

"But it is impossible for me to know what the state of the business 
will be on the receipt of this communication. I therefore take the liberty 
to inclose it herewith, and leave it open that it may be read and sent to 
the address, or suppressed, as you may please to decide will be best." 

Mr. Beckwith to Ron. N". P. Banks. 

" Paris, February 21, 1SC6. 
"I take the liberty of submitting for your consideration the estimates 
in detail, which show the probable cost of the exhibition of 1867. 



148 PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

"They are based upon the results of previous exhibitions, upon local 
inquiries, and upon conjecture in regard to the quantity of products to 
be transported. 

"The surface of ground within the Palace to be actually covered by- 
products is about ten thousand square feet. If this area were covered 
to the height of four feet, the cubic contents would be forty thousand 
cubic feet, equal to one thousand tons of forty cubic feet each. 

"I omit calculations relating to the groups in the Park, and assume 
one thousand tons as a convenient figure. The exact quantity is of small 
moment; the cost of transportation is but a small part of the whole cost; 
and the general expenses will be about the same, whether the quantity 
of freight be five hundred, or one thousand, or fifteen hundred tons. 

" Transport on the railways is regulated by tariff, and it is impossible 
to know in advance what proportion will fall under the different rates. 
I therefore assume the medium rate from Havre to Paris, which is six- 
teen francs per ton : 
1st. 1,000 inward, at sixteen francs, 16,000 francs, or at 5 francs $3, 250 

Outward 3, 250 

Landing expenses, bonding, storage, cartage, labor, and com- 
missions for forwarding inward, 7£ francs 1, 500 

Outward 1, 500 

Paris, cartage a distance of about three miles from the depot 

to the Champ de Mars and labor, 6 francs 1, 200 

Outward 1, 200 



" Unpacking in the Palace will commence on the 15th Jan- 
uary, 1867, and end on the 30th March, 1867, a period of one 
and a half months. About the same time will be required for 
repacking and dispatch, making together three months. The 
number of laborers required for this work, which can only be 
done by daylight, will be increased by the shortness of the days 
in this latitude at that season of the year. Xhe chef de ser- 
vice of the Imperial Commission, who superintends this work 
in the French section, and who has had great experience in 
the work both in London and Paris, informs me that I will 
require thirty laborers for six weeks inward and the same out- 
ward. 

" The labor must be directed by an engineer architect capa- 
ble of placing machinery in connection with motive force for 
action, and who is also familiar with the architectural plans 
and the arrangement of groups and classes for display. The 
greater part of the laborers must be those who are accustomed 
to work among machinery, &c, or in warehouses and shops, 
accustomed to packing and unpacking and the placing of vari- 
eties of fabrics and products for display. There will be a 



11, 900 



ESTIMATES OF THE EXPENSES. 149 

great demand for that kind of labor, and wages will probably 

average five francs per day : 

2d. 00 days for inward and outward, at 5 francs = 450 x 30 = 

13,500 francs , $2, 700 

"During the Exposition, which will last seven months, the 
compartments must be sprinkled and dusted every morning 
and kept in proper condition : 
3d. 214 days, at 10 francs, 2,140 francs 428 

" There must be a guard in each compartment during the 
visiting hours to prevent thefts and damages and report any 
misconduct of visitors. The French government provides 
police, &c, day and night, but does not respond for thefts and 
damages by visitors. This service will require seven men, 
which I estimate at 5 francs per day, and one man at 10 francs 
per day. 
4th. 214 days x 7 = 1,498 days, at 5 francs, 7,490 ; 214 days, 

at 10 francs, 2,140—9,630 francs 1, 926 

"It is usual for the Commissioner General to provide a 
number of linguists capable of giving explanations of machinery 
and other products to visitors. Without this many of the 
most curious and interesting objects cannot be understood ; 
important qualities are unobserved and the intended diffusion 
of information fails. I propose for this service two men in 
Group VI, and one man in each of the other groups, making — 
5th. Eight men, 214 days = 1,912, at 10 francs per day, 19,120 

francs 3, 824 

" This number will not be sufficient for the work, but I leave 
to exhibitors to give such explanations of their own works as 
they may be able to do, and to make further provision by in- 
terpreters if they think their interests require it ; also to pro- 
vide the men for attending machines in action and the ex- 
penses of materials, &c, consumed in the working. 

" The cost of foundations and fixtures for machinery, the 
cost of show cases, tables, and other fixtures or installations 
I take from the lowest average cost of similar work in the 
London and Paris exhibitions, excluding therefrom all decor- 
ations. The data for this have been supplied me by the 
Imperial Commission, and I cannot reduce the estimates I first 
reported : 
6th 48, 000 

"Expensive decorations will be used in all other sections, 
and their absence from ours I do not expect will be wholly 
satisfactory to the Imperial Commission, to the public, nor to 
our own people. 

"I could provide very respectable decorations of the kind 
most used for, I think, $10,000, but I have wholly omitted this 
item in my estimates. 



150 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

"Packages (which are expensive here) will all require to 
be removed to a considerable distance to find storage for them 
for seven months and then returned to be used again. 
7th. Cost of cartage, storage, recartage, and new materials for 

repacking . ■ $1, 000 

" The contracts for the above works (installations) should 
be made in May and June, 1866, and should all be notarial 
and drawn by the aid of the engineer architect, who is familiar 
with the forms and nomenclature. Unless the contracts are 
so made and carry penalties which can be enforced, the work 
will not be ready in time ; it will not conform to the agreements 
and the wants ; and there will be disputes, references, and law- 
suits as well as disappointments. 

" The notarials, &c, I hope to include in the above estimate, 
though it is not in the originals. The information relating to 
the preceding has been derived chiefly from the Imperial Com- 
mission and from the tariff of railways. 

"The following estimate of office expenses is from Messrs. 
Munroe & Co., a respectable banking-house : 

Office rent per annum $1, 000 

Fire and lights 250 

Porter 500 

Stationery 300 

Postages 100 

City taxes. 200 

Office furniture 1 600 

Printing 150 

3, 100 

8th. One year and nine months 5, 425 

u The force required will be an accountant, a corresponding 
clerk, a copyist, and an out-door clerk : 
9th. One at $1,600, one at $1,400, and two at $1,200, $2,400— 

$5,400, one year and nine months 9, 450 

" An engineer architect familiar with French and English 
and acquainted with Paris, to superintend, the work as before 
stated, is indispensable. The four clerks must also be familiar 
with two languages at least, and acquainted with business in 
Paris. The cost of an engineer architect I estimate at $3,000 
per annum. 

10th. One year and nine months 5, 250 

11th. The extra expenses of a building in the Park, such as I 
have recommended, stands in my estimate at 25, 000 

114, 903 

1 Probably can be sold for two-thirds of tlie cost. 



ESTIMATES OF THE EXPENSES. 151 

" But I hope the report from Mr. Derby of the space required 
will euable ine to reduce this estimate. 

" These are the estimates of expenses on this side proper to 
the exhibition, and to this must be added exchange : 
12th. Which with gold at 142 will be $48, 301 

163, 204 

A scientific commission of ten persons, and employed 
for one year, they paying their own traveling and 
all other expenses, I estimate at $6,000 each 60, 000 

They will require local professional assistants, as 
stated more fully in my letter on the subject to the 
Department of State, and I estimate for that pur- 
pose $30, 000 

90, 000 
Exchange as above 37, 800 

13th 127, 800 

$291,004 



"I have not included herein sea freights, which I estimate at $7,000 
each way in sailing vessels ; nor the expenses in ET ew York, to be deter- 
mined by the length of time it will be requisite to keep that office open. 

" Neither is anything here put down for contingent expenses, which 
are likely to arise from unforeseen causes. 

" It is not probable the actual expenditures will run exactly with the 
estimates of items above; some of them will cost more and others less; 
but if the appropriations admit of transfers, as they should do, from one 
item to another, an appropriation of $300,000 I still hope will cover the 
cost of the work if carried out as projected ; and I feel confident that 
if it is so carried out the cost cannot much exceed nor fall much short of 
that sum. 

" But if reductions are to be made they will fall on the estimates for 
the scientific department. The estimates for the expenses on this side, 
which belong to •the exhibition proper, cannot in my judgment fall 
below the sum above named, $163,000." . 

3fr. Beckicith to Mr. Seward. 

" Paris, February 24, 1866. 

" The communication which I had the honor of addressing through 
the Department of State to the chairman of the Committee on Foreign 
Affairs in the House of Kepresentatives, on the 21st instant, contained 
a statement in detail of the estimated expenses of the exhibition. 

"To bring the subject before you in a convenient form I annex hereto, 



152 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

marked No. 1, a condensed statement of the items of expense enumerated 
in the estimates alluded to. 

"For convenience of reference I also annex paper No. 2, which con- 
tains an extract from the letter which I had the honor of addressing to 
you on the 30th January, relating to the duties which will devolve on 
the Special Agent, on the Commissioner General, and on the Scientific 
Commission, separately and jointly. 

" In framing the regulations for the exhibition and the instructions 
which you may please to send me, I solicit your consideration of the 
observations in paper No. 2, and would remark in continuation, that 
the Palace will be finished on the 1st December next, and ready to 
receive the fixtures and furniture, which must be previously constructed 
and prepared to be placed at that date. 

" The great amount of work of this kind to be done for the different 
nations will create a large demand for that class of labor, and it will be 
necessary to make the contracts and commence the work early. 

" If it be possible, as I trust it will be, for Mr. Derby to give me his 
definitive plans in time, I propose to make the contracts in May or June, 
and to begin the work ; and in any event to do so at the earliest moment 
after the plans reach me." 

No. 1. — Abstract of expenses. 
Landing expenses at Havre, bonding, storage, cartage, labor, 

forwarding and commissions, 1,000 tons, inward $1,500, 

outward $1,500 $3, 000 

Eailway transport to Paris, inward $3,250, outward $3,250 ... 6, 500 
Paris, labor at depot and cartage three miles, inward $1,200, 

outward $1,200 '. 2, 400 

1st 11, 900 

2d. Labor in the Palace, inward 1J months, $1,350, outward 1J 

month, $1,350 , 2, 700 

3d. Sprinkling and sweeping compartments, 7 months 428 

4th. Guard and keepers, 8 men, 7 months 1, 926 

5th. Linguists, &c, 7 months (8 men) 3, 824 

6th. Show cases, tables, and other fixtures 48, 000 

7th. Storage of packing boxes, 7 months, cartage and material 

for repacking *. 1, 000 

8th. Office expenses per annum $3,100, 1 year 9 months 5, 425 

9th. Wages of clerks per annum $5,400, 1 year 9 months 9, 450 

10th. Engineer architect per annum $3,000, 1 year 9 months . . 5, 250 

11th. Estimate for Park building 25, 000 

12th. Scientific Commission, 10 men, 1 year 60, 000 

Assistants 30, 000 






THE APPROPRIATIONS BY CONGRESS. 153 

Mr. Beekidth to Mr. Seward. 

" Paris, March 14, 18GG. 

"An attentive perusal .of the resolution of Congress No. 52, appropri- 
ating money for the exhibition, suggests the following remarks : 

" If the sum appropriated by the resolution were adequate to the 
wants, it would be necessary to ask at once for a modification of its 
provisions. Without this change the probable intentions of Congress 
could not be executed. 

u The expenditures required by the exhibition will not agree Avith the 
definitive appropriations under each head named in the resolution, while 
many other expenses equally unavoidable are not named nor provided 
for, either specifically or in general, by a contingent fund. 

" The business being new, and in many things without precedents for 
a guide in making the estimates, they are not likely to agree exactly 
in details with actual expenditures ; many of the elements of cost are 
fluctuating as regards supply and variable in price, and although the 
total expenditure may not exceed the total estimate, if the appropria- 
tions are subdivided and restricted to the different heads which are 
based on such estimates in detail, they will not be found to correspond 
with actual wants in practice. 

" But the most important feature of the resolution No. 52 is, that with 
the exception of the provision for clerks on this side, and a small con- 
tingent fund, no mention is made or any provision whatever for expendi- 
tures under different heads, proper to the exhibition itself, which will 
amount to not less than $160,000, United States currency. 

" In the detailed estimates which I had the honor to transmit on the 
21st February, the items of expense thus omitted to be provided for 
are enumerated, and it will be seen, I doubt not, that in principle they 
are unavoidable. 

" It may hereafter appear that the estimates for some of these details 
are in excess, and that others are deficient, and again others may arise 
which have not been foreseen ; but as they are in general based upon 
existing prices and upon the opinions of those who have had most expe- 
rience in exhibitions, the total cost is not likely to vary much from the 
total of the estimates. 

" If, therefore, Congress should make the necessary provision for the 
exhibition, they will greatly facilitate the work by providing at the 
same time for the transfer, in case of need, from the appropriations 
under such heads as may prove to be in excess, to those which may 
prove to be deficient, or to such as may have been unforeseen, provided 
that the total expenditure be kept within the total appropriation. 

" Some discretion of this kind appears necessary in this case to avoid 
delays and embarrassments in conforming to the provisions of the 
appropriation bill, and to facilitate the work which Congress has in 
view." 



154 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

Mr. Beckmth to Mr. Seward. 

"Paris, July IS, 1866. 

"I learn by the mail just arrived that the report of the committee of 
conference on the appropriation for the exhibition has been accepted 
and passed by the House of Bepresentatives, and is likely to be passed 
by the Senate. 

"The amendments which strike out the provisions for the payment of 
a part of the appropriations in coin, and the high rate of exchange, make 
it necessary for me to solicit your consideration of the situation in which 
the exhibition is thus placed. 

" The appropriations to be expended on this side are $48,000, $25,000, 
and $35,703 ; total, $108,703. 

u The estimates for these expenditures were made upon a careful study 
of details, and in my judgment they do not admit of reduction. 

u The product of $108,703 in coin, at the usual valuation at five francs 
per dollar, would be 543,515 francs. The same sum at the rate of 
exchange current at the last date, (3d July,) three francs, would produce 
364,155 francs, which is a reduction of 179,360 francs, or $35,872 — thirty- 
three per cent, on the gross sum, or forty- nine per cent, on the net sum. 

" If the effect of this reduction were merely to diminish the proposed 
exhibition of products one-third, it would necessarily exclude so many 
important products that our exhibition would lose its character of 
universality and be no longer in any proper sense an exhibition of the 
products of the United States. 

" But this would not be the whole effect of the reduction in the appro- 
priations. The exclusion of one-third of the products would not produce 
an economy of one-third in the expenses. The organizations and pre- 
liminary expenses on both sides will remain unchanged, or nearly so, 
and the expenses of administration for seven months that the Exposition 
will remain open cannot be materially reduced. All the expenses will 
be unavoidably the same, or nearly the same, for two-thirds as for the 
whole of the products proposed to be exhibited. 

" The only economy resulting from a reduction of the quantity of 
products will be in the cost of transport and of a part of the installa- 
tions, and after examining this in detail I am satisfied that a reduction 
of nearly two-thirds in the quantity of products is required to produce 
the saving of $35,872, necessary to keep the expenditures within the 
appropriations. 

" The space we have undertaken to fill in the Exposition Palace is small 
for the United States as compared with other nations, and a reduction of 
two -thirds, or even of one-half, will leave one-half that space vacant. 

" An exhibition so limited in quantity, and so imperfect in its compo- 
sition, will retain but small interest for the public, and smaller value for 
our producers ; its cost will remain large in proportion to its importance, 
while the chief design of the undertaking and the hopes of a large por- 
tion of our producers will be nearly ruined. 



THE APPROPRIATIONS BY CONGRESS. 155 

"If, on the other hand, the work be continued as it has been begun, 
it will be a pretty fair representation of our products, and though still 
limited in quantity and variety it will be respectable and useful, but it 
will be barely installed and opened to the public when the appropria- 
tions will be exhausted, and to carry it on for seven months to its close 
without funds will only bring it to bankruptcy. 

a Either of these results would be disagreeable and unsatisfactory to 
the country and to the government if not even embarrassing to the latter, 
and the probability of such a conclusion renders it incumbent on me to 
make these suggestions in advance, which I do with great reluctance. 

" I am not informed whether any law or usage exists which carries 
exchange with the payments ordered by Congress and made by govern- 
ment in distant places or foreign countries ; but if there is no method of 
covering the deficiency resulting from the reduction of the appropria- 
tions or the exchange, I respectfully suggest for your consideration 
whether the inadequate provision of Congress does not render the pro- 
posed exhibition in effect impossible. 

u The deficiency, I believe, could be covered by an appeal to exhibitors 
and the public if I had time for it, but the work on this side is already 
so far in arrear that it will require my best efforts through the whole of 
the hot season to bring it up, which puts it out of my power to attempt 
that method of making up the deficiency. I shall therefore proceed 
with the preparations on their present footing, (in the absence of your 
instructions to the contrary,) but awaiting with solicitude the reply you 
may please to make to these suggestions." 

Mr. Derby to Mr. Seward. 

" New York, January 14, 1867. 
" Sir : The report of my advisory committee, which was forwarded to 
you, calls for a further appropriation by Congress for freight, installa- 
tions, insurance, additional steam power, and other necessary expenses; 
that is to say — 

For additional installations of farm-house, school-houses, and 
western laborers' cottage, with all the appurtenances, includ- 
ing transportation ; also for Palace and Annex $25, 000 

Additional steam power 10, 000 

Additional freights from Havre to Paris 15, 000 

Eeturn freights for articles owned by the government and in- 
dividuals, including works of art loaned and not for sale, 

per steamer 20, 000 

Additional freights by steamer on products too late for sailing 
vessels, including the minerals and metals of nearly all the 

States and Territories 20, 000 

Necessary expenses for laborers and extra help in the Paris 

and New York offices 10, 000 

Say one hundred thousand dollars 100, 000 



156 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

" In addition to this sum a further appropriation for the United States 
Commissioners is necessary for the actual expenses incurred in preparing 
suitable reports of the results of the Exposition. 

" The original minimum estimate of United States Commissioner 
General Beckwith, was $300,000 for the necessary expenses of the Paris 
Exposition. The additional amount now asked for approximates that 
amount, and is really necessary, or so much of it as is called for by 
legitimate expenditures on account of the Exposition." 

REPORT OF EXPENDITURES. 

Mr. Beckwith to Mr. Seward. 

" Paris, April 30, 1868. 

" The several resolutions of Congress appropriating money for the 
Universal Exposition at Paris, 1867, require statements to be trans- 
mitted to that body, through the Department of State, of the manner in 
which the money has been expended. 

u In conformity therewith I have transmitted to the Department 
quarterly statements of receipts and expenditures, with vouchers in 
detail for each disbursement. 

" I have now the honor to inclose an account current which is the 
index and complement of the quarterly statements, and presents in a 
condensed form the receipts and expenditures under each of the twenty- 
one heads of account, for each quarter, commencing in 1866 and extend- 
ing to the 30th April, 1868 ; on referring to the entries in this abstract, 
to the label, letter, and date corresponding to the entry, all the details 
and vouchers for that item will be found together. 

Francs. 

The gross sum which I have received from the Department, 
being the proceeds of credits on London for £18,000, 
amounts to. , 452, 095. 00 

From other sources, (enumerated in detail,) 4, 935. 05 

Total 457, 030. 05 

And the gross expenditures reach the sum of 453, 630. 68 

Leaving a balance in my hands of 3, 399. 37 

To be returned to the department minus some small items which remain 

to be settled. 

The total receipts in round numbers, stated in dollars, at 

five francs, amount to $91, 406 

Expenditures 90, 726 

Balance 680 

" With regard to fixtures, furniture, materials, &c, for the Exposition, 
there were two methods of obtaining them : First. Upon plans furnished 






REPORT OF THE EXPENDITURES. 157 

by commissioners to contractors, who undertook at prices agreed upon, 
in consideration of which the furniture became the property of the 
commissioners. Second. Upon plans furnished by commissioners to 
contractors who engaged at prices agreed upon, in consideration of 
which the furniture reverted at the close to the contractor. 

" By the first method the risk and chances of resale were assumed by 
the commission, and in the second method by the contractor. 

"Previous to the date when it became practicable to close our con- 
tracts, nearly all those of other nations had been closed and the works 
well advanced. Most of them being on the basis of the first method, 
made it for the interest of contractors, who would be buyers more than 
sellers, to combine at the close to put down instead of supporting prices. 
A knowledge of these circumstances, and an examination of the various 
bids of contractors to supply the work, with details of prices presenting 
the option, left no room for doubt that the second method of contract 
would be best, and it was adopted. 

u There remained, consequently, at the close but a small quantity of 
tools and materials for sale which are accounted for in detail, the pro- 
ceeds amounting to 370 francs." 

Mr. Beekwitli to Mr. Seward. 

" Paris, June 19, 1868. 
Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith my final account of ex- 
penditures, (with vouchers,) commencing with the balance of 3,399.37 
francs, remaining in my hands on the 1st of May, showing a disbursement 
since of 961.15 francs, and a balance of 2,438.22 francs, which, to close 
the account, I have transmitted to the credit of the Department with 
Messrs. Baring Brothers & Co., in the sum of £96 15s. Id., all which I 
trust will be found correct and satisfactory. 
The proceeds of my drafts on Messrs. Baring amounted, as 
shown in my general account 1st May, with receipts from 

other sources therein enumerated, to francs 457, 030. 05 

Disbursements to 1st May 453, 630. 68 

Present account 961. 15 

454, 591. 83 

Balance remitted to Messrs. B. B. & Co., francs 2, 438. 12 

" Showing a total disbursement in gold, at five francs to the dollar, 
of 890, 918 33." 

EXPENSES OF THE NEW YORK AGENCY. 

The following is a statement of expenditures by J. C. Derby, agent of 
the United States government at Xew York, for the Paris Universal 
Exposition of 1867, transmitted April 1, 1868, to the Secretary of State, 
as directed by joint resolutions of Congress, approved July 5, 1866, and 



158 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

May 12, 1867, vouchers in detail for which were forwarded to the 
Department of State i 1 

Salary of general agent, two years, at $2,000. . $4, 000 00 
Services previous to passing of bill, say from 

October 1, 1865, to April 1, 1866 965 00 

Salaries of clerks, not exceeding four in number, 

in 1865, 1866, and 1867 7, 514 17 

$12, 479 17 

Labor, storage, rent, cartage, fixtures, stationery, &c 15, 267 00 

Advertising 3, 290 12 

Safe 250 00 

Freight from New York to Havre 15, 726 27 

Marine and fire insurance on works of art 7, 460 77 

Total 54,473 33 

1 This statement, together with the financial reports of Mr. Beckwith, were trans- 
mitted to Congress July 13, 1868, and are printed in Ex. Doc. No. 334, 40th Cong., 2d 

session. 



IV. 

PUBLICATION OF THE REPORTS. 

Statement of the authority under which the reports have been printed — 
Publication in a separate form, and reasons therefor— Grouplng- of the 
reports in volumes — List of the reports by title, arranged according to 
subjects — Alphabetical list of the authors of reports. 

BESOLUTIOX AUTHOBIZIXG THE PUBLICATION. 

In the Senate of the United States, March 3, 1868, it was — 

u Resolved, That the Secretary of State be, and he is hereby, author- 
ized to have the reports of the Commissioners of the United States to the 
Paris Exposition printed at the Congressional Printing Office and laid 
before the Senate in a printed form ; and that, in addition to the usual 
number, there shall be printed four thousand extra copies for the use 
of the Senate, and fifteen hundred copies for the use of the State 
Department, the reports to be bound separately or together as the Secre- 
tary of State may direct." 

On the 8th of April this resolution was suspended, and the Committee 
on Printing was directed to inquire into the amount of material to be 
printed under the foregoing resolution, the cost of the same, and also 
whether such publication would involve the preparation and the print- 
ing of any maps, plates, or illustrations. 

. The Department having been called upon for this information, it was 
furnished in detail to the committee with estimates of the cost of en- 
graving the illustrations, and it was ordered by the Senate that the 
printing should proceed under the original resolution. 

The printing of the report presenting a " Brief General Survey of the 
Exposition, 7 ' specially required by the instructions issued August 20, 
1866, was commenced, and, inasmuch as at that time several of the most 
important of the reports were still in the hands of the authors under- 
going revision, or not ready for publication, it was decided to print each 
report independently, and to issue a part of the whole number ordered 
in this separate form as soon as printed without waiting for the comple- 
tion of the whole series, or of a sufficient number of reports to form a 
volume. Upon this plan each report has been printed with distinct 
paging and title, and one thousand copies of each in paper covers have 
been delivered to the Senate and five hundred copies of each, in the same 
form, to the Department of State. The remaining copies were reserved 
for the final grouping and binding in volumes. By this means the 
earliest possible publication was secured for each report, and their sepa- 
rate form permitted a wider and more economical distribution. 



160 . PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

The following list gives the titles of the reports, alphabetically 
arranged according to the subjects. The reports' all bear the imprint of 
the Government Printing Office and the year of publication. This im- 
print is omitted in the list, but the exact date of publication is supplied. 
The copies of reports not separately issued as above have been grouped 
together and bound in six volumes, under the general title of u Beports 
of the United States Commissioners to the Paris Universal Exposition 
of 1867 ; published under the direction of the Secretary of State, by 
authority of the Senate of the United States." 

A list of the reports, in the order in which they are grouped in vol- 
umes, will be found at the end of Volume I and of Volume VI. 

LIST OF THE EEPOETS, BY THEIE TITLES, ABBANGED 
ALPHABETICALLY ACCOBDING TO THE SUBJECTS. 

Arts. — Machinery and processes of the industrial arts and apparatus 
of the exact sciences, by Frederick A. P. Barnard, LL. D., United 
States Commissioner. — pp. ix, 669. August 4, 1869. (In volume iii.) 

Asphalt and bitumen. — Eeport on asphalt and bitumen, as applied 
to the construction of streets and sidewalks in Paris ; also to terraces^ 
roofs, &c, and to various products in the Exposition of 1867 ; with 
observations upon macadamized streets and roads, by Arthur Beck- 
with, Civil Engineer. — pp. 31. January 15, 1869. (In volume iv.) 

Beet-sugar. — The manufacture of beet-sugar and alcohol and the cul- 
tivation of sugar-beet, by Henry F. Q. D'Aligny, United States Com- 
missioner. — pp. 90. November 3, 1869. (In volume v.) 

Beton-Cctgnet. — Eeport on Beton-Coignet, its fabrication and uses — 
construction of sewers, water-pipes, tanks, foundations, walls, arches, 
buildings, floors, terraces ; marine experiments, &c, by Leonard F. 
Beckwith, Civil Engineer. — pp. 21. January 15, 1869. (In volume iv.) 

Bibliography. — Bibliography of the Paris Universal Exposition of 
1867, by William P. Blake, Commissioner of the State of California to 
the Paris Exposition of 1867. In press, April, 1870. 

Buildings. — Eeport upon buildings, building materials, and methods 
of building, by James H. Bowen, United States Commissioner. — 
pp. 96. September 28, 1869. (In volume iv.) 

Cereals. — Eeport on cereals : The quantities of cereals produced in 
different countries compared, by Samuel B. Buggies, Yice-President 
of the United States Commission. The quality and characteristics of 
the cereals exhibited, by George S. Hazard, United States Commis- 
sioner. — pp. 26. September 28, 1869. (In volume v.) 

Chemistry. — The progress and condition of several departments of 
industrial chemistry, by J. Lawrence Smith, United States Commis- 
sioner. — pp. ix, 146. September 7, 1869. (In volume ii.) 

Civil engineering. — Civil engineering and public works, by William 
P. Blake, Commissioner of the State of California. — pp. 49. March 
5, 1870. (In volume iv.) 



LIST OF THE REPORTS. 161 

Clothing. — Beport 011 clothing and woven fabrics; being classes 
twenty-seven to thirty-nine o! group four. By Paran Stevens United 
States Commissioner. In press, April, 1870. (In volume vi.) 

Coal. — Beport on the manufacture of pressed or agglomerated coal, by 
Henry F. Q. DAligny, United States Commissioner. — pp. 19. Octo- 
ber 8, 18G9. (In volume v.) 

Cotton. — Beport upon cotton, by E. B. Mudge, United States Commis- 
sioner, with a supplemental report by B. F. ISTourse, Honorary Com- 
missioner. — pp. ii, 115. June 28, 1869. (In volume vi.) 

Education. — Beport on education, by J. W. Hoyt, United States Com- 
missioner. — In press, April, 1870. (In volume vi.) 

Beport on school-houses and the means of promoting popular edu- 
cation, by J. B. Freese, United States Commissioner. — pp. 13. Octo- 
ber 8, 1869. (In volume v.) 

Engineering. — Beport upon steam-engineering, as illustrated by the 
Paris Universal Exposition, 1867, by William S. Auchincloss, Honor- 
ary Commissioner. — pp. 72. August 2, 1869. (In volume iv.) 

Fine arts. — Beport on the fine arts, by Frank Leslie, United States 
Commissioner. — pp. 43. February 6, 1869. (In volume i.) 

The fine arts applied to the useful arts — report by the committee, 
Frank Leslie, S. F. B. Morse, Thomas W. Evans, United States Com- 
missioners. — pp. 8, with 33 leaves of wood engravings. February 6, 
1869. (In volume i.) 

Food. — Beport on the preparation of food, by W. E. Johnston, M. D., 
Honorary Commissioner. — pp. 19. October 8, 1869. (In volume v.) 

General survey. — General survey of the Exposition, with a report 
on the character and condition of the United States Section. — pp. 
325. January 7, 1869. (In volume i.) 

Gold and selver. — (See Precious metals.) 

Introduction. — Introduction, with selections from the correspondence 
of United States Commissioner General Beckwith and others, show- 
ing the organization and administration of the United States Section. 
(In volume i.) • 

Iron and steel. — The production of iron and steel, in its economic 
and social relations, by Abram S. Hewitt, United States Commis- 
sioner, 1868. — pp. 183. January 7, 1869. (In volume ii.) 

Mining. — Beport on mining and the mechanical preparation of ores, by 
Henry F. Q. DAligny, United States Commissioner, and Alfred Huet, 
F. Geyler, and C. Lepainteur, Civil and Mining Engineers, Paris, 
France. February 19, 1869. (In volume iv.) 

Munitions of war. — Beport on the munitions of war, by Charles B. 
Norton and W. J. Valentine, United States Commissioners. — pp. 213. 
January 7, 1869. (In volume v.) 
' Musical instruments. — Beport upon musical instruments, by Paran 
Stevens, United States Commissioner. — pp. 18. June 21, 1869. (In 
volume v.) 
11 p e 



162 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

Ores, mechanical preparation of. — (See Mining.) 

Photography. — Photographs and photographic apparatus, by Henry 
F. Q. D'Aligny, United States Commissioner. — pp. 19. October 8, 
1869. (In volume v.) 

Precious metals. — Eeport upon the precious metals, being statistical 
notices of the principal gold and silver producing regions of the world 
represented nt the Paris Universal Exposition, by William P. Blake, 
Commissioner of the State of California.— pp. viii, 369. March 11, 
1869. (In volume ii.) 

School-houses. — (See Education.) 

Silk. — Eeport on silk and silk manufactures, by Elliot C. Cowdin, Uni- 
ted States Commissioner pp. 51. January 7, 1869. (In volume vi.) 

' Surgery. — Eeport on instruments and apparatus of medicine, surgery, 
and hygiene, surgical dentistry and the materials which it employs, 
anatomical preparations, ambulance tents and carriages, and military 
sanitary institutions in Europe, by Thomas W. Evans, M. D., United 
States Commissioner. — pp. 70. January 28, 1869. (In volume v.) 

Telegraphy. — Examination of the telegraphic apparatus and the pro- 
cesses in telegraphy, by Samuel F. B. Morse, LL. D., United States 
Commissioner. — pp. 166. November 20, 1869. (In volume iv.) 
7 Outline of the history of the Atlantic cables, by H. F. Q. D'Aligny, 

United States Commissioner. — pp. 13. October 8, 1869. (In volume v.) 

United States Section, report on. — (See General survey, &c.) 

Yine. — Eeport upon the culture and products of the vine, by Marshall 
P. Wilder, Alexander Thompson, William J. Flagg, Patrick Barry, 
committee. — pp. 28. October 8, 1869. (In volume v.) 

Wool. — Eeport upon wool and manufactures of wool, by E. E. Mudge, 
United States Commissioner, assisted by John L. Hayes, Secretary of 
the National Association of Wool Manufacturers. — pp. 143. January 
7, 1869. (In volume vi.) 

Weights, measures, and coins. — Extracts from the report of the 
International Committee on Weights, Measures, and Coins, with a 
notice of the introduction of the metrical system in the United 
States and its relations to other systems of weights and measures. 
(In volume vi.) 

NAMES OF THE AUTHOES OF EEPOETS, AEEANGED 
ALPHABETICALLY. 

Auchincloss, William S., Honorary Commissioner, Civil Engineer. 

Barnard, Frederick A. Porter, S. T. D., LL. D., President of Co- 
lumbia College, New York, United States Commissioner, member of 
the International Jury. 

Beckwith, Nelson Marvin, United States Commissioner General, 
President of the Commission. 

Beckwith, Arthur, Civil Enginer. 

Beckwith, Leonard Forbes, Civil Engineer. 



ALPHABETICAL LIST OF AUTHORS. 163 

Blake, William Phipps, Commissioner of the State of California to 
the Paris Universal Exposition of 1867 and Delegate of the State 
Board of Agriculture. 

Bowen, James H., United States Commissioner. 

Cowdin, Elliot C, United States Commissioner. 

D'Aligny, Henry Ferdinand Quarr:£, United States Commissioner, 
member of the International Jury , Mining Engineer. 

Evans, Thomas W., M. D., United States Commissioner. 

Flagg, W. J., United States Commissioner, (honorary,) member of 
Reporting Committee No. 9. (Eeport upon the vine, &c.) 

Freese, Jacob R., United States Commissioner. 

Geyler, F., Civil Engineer, Paris, France. 

Hayes, John Lord, Secretary of the National Association of Wool 
Manufacturers. (The report on wool, etc.) 

Hazard, George S., United States Commissioner, (honorary.) 

Hewitt, Abram S., United States Commissioner. 

Hoyt, John W., M. D., United States Commissioner, (honorary.) 

Htjet, Alfred, Civil Engineer, Paris, France. 

Johnston, W. E., M. D., United States Commissioner, (honorary.) 

Lepainteur, C, Engineer to the Syndicat of Class 47, Paris, France. 

Leslie, Frank, United States Commissioner. 

Morse, Samuel F. Breese, LL. D., United States Commissioner. 

Mudge, Enoch B., United States Commissioner. 

Norton, Charles B., United States Commissioner. 

Nourse, B. F., United States Commissioner, (honorary.) 

Buggles, Samuel B., Vice-President of the United States Commission. 

Seward, Hon. William Henry, Secretary of State. (Introduction.) 

Seymour, Charles B., United States Commissioner. 

Slade, Frederick J., scientific assistant to Committee No. 6. (Beport 
upon Bessemer steel, in the report upon iron and steel.) 

Smith, J. Lawrence, United States Commissioner, Vice-President of 
the International Jury upon Group V. 

Stevens, Paran, United States Commissioner. 

Thompson, Alexander, M. D., United States Commissioner, (honor- 
ary,) member of Reporting Committee No. 9. (Beport upon the 
vine, &c.) 

Valentine, W. J., United States Commissioner. 

Wilder, Marshall P., United States Commissioner. 



CLASSIFICATION OF THE OBJECTS EXHIBITED 
AND GENERAL INDEX. 

The classification of objects adopted by the Imperial Commission— Its com- 
prehensive AND EXACT CHARACTER — ITS VALUE AS AN INDEX TO THE EXPOSITION 
AND TO HUMAN INDUSTRY IN GENERAL — ENUMERATION OF OBJECTS IN EACH GROUP 
AND CLASS, AND REFERENCES TO THE REPORTS. 

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CLASSIFICATION. 

The classification adopted by the Imperial Commission for the forma- 
tion of the Exposition is the most comprehensive and exact ever made 
of the raw materials useful to man, and of the various products of 
industry and art. The Hon. N. P. Banks, in his speech delivered in the 
House of Representatives, March 14, 1868, says of this classification : 
" The plan of the Exposition of 1867 is the grandest classification of the 
products of human industry that the mind of man has ever conceived. 
There has never been presented, in the history of the world, such a com- 
prehensive, systematic, and scientific grouping of the various branches 
of human industry as this plan unfolds. All the pursuits and products 
of its people are grouped in ten leading divisions, and are subdivided 
into ninety-five classes. * * * These ten groups embrace all the pur- 
suits of man, all the products of industry ; they represent the habits of 
life, and all the relations of men to each other, to society, and to pro- 
gressive civilization." 

This classification is now not merely an outline plan according to 
which the Exposition was formed, but, from the realization of that plan, 
it has become an index to the Exposition, and is not only valuable as 
such, but it has a permanent value as an index to the industrial arts, and 
may be used to facilitate reference to the reports on the Exposition and 
as a basis for future exhibitions. It has therefore been reproduced here, 
in connection with this introduction to the series of reports, and refer- 
ences to the reports have been added whenever the articles or subjects 
mentioned have been described or specially referred to in the series. It 
will thus, to a certain extent, serve as a general index to the reports. 
References are, in most cases, made to the volume in which the report 
will be found ; and, as most of the principal reports are indexed, it will 
not be difficult to find the subject desired. As each report is separately 
paged, a general alphabetical index to the series could not be conve- 
niently made. 






166 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

CLASSIFICATION AND GENERAL INDEX. 

FIRST GROUP.— WORKS OF ART. 

Class 1 — Paintings in oil. — Paintings on canvas, on panels, on glazing, 
and other surfaces. [Report on the Fine Arts, in volume i ; also in 
General Survey, p. 19.] 

Class 2 — Various paintings and designs. — Miniatures, aquarelles, pastels, 
and designs of all kinds; paintings on enamel, on crockery, or porce- 
lain ; cartoons for frescoes and for glass windows. [Fine Art Report ; 
also General Survey, p. 28.] 

Class 3 — Sculptures and engravings on medals. — Spherical, embossing, 
sculptured bas-reliefs, sculptures repousses, pressed and chiseled 
medals, cameos, engraved stones, chemical engravings. [Fine Art 
Report ; also General Survey, p. 32.] 

Class 4 — Designs and models of architecture. — Studies and fragments, 
representations and projects of edifices, restorations from ruins and 
from documents. [Report on Buildings, &c, (iv;) also General Sur- 
vey, p. 34.] 

Class 5 — Engravings and lithographs. — Engravings (black) on copper, 
wood, stone, &c. ; engravings in several colors ; lithographs, in black, 
in crayon, in pencil, and in colors. [General Survey, p. 34 ; also Fine 
Art Report and Report on the Industrial Arts.] 

SECOND GROUP. — MATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN THE LIB- 
ERAL ARTS. 

Class 6 — Specimens of printing and publishing. — Specimens of typogra- 
phy; proof-sheets of autography and lithography, in black and in 
colors ; proof-sheets of engravings ; new books and new editions of 
books already known; collections of works forming libraries on special 
subjects; periodical publications; designs; technical and school atlases 
and albums. [General Survey, pp. 35-39.] 

Class 7 — Specimens of stationery, of book-binding, and of materials used 
in painting and designing. — Papers, cards, pasteboards, inks, chalks, 
pencils, pastels, furniture of writing-desks, inkstands, letter-balances, 
copy-presses, &c; registers, copy-books, albums, note-books, instru- 
ment-cases, bands, elastic bands; various articles for water-colors, 
aquarelles, colors in cakes, in bladders, in tubes, and in shells ; instru- 
ments used by painters, designers, gravers, and modelers ; specimens 
of paper- work, lamp-shades, lanterns, flower-pots, &c. [General Sur- 
vey, p. 39.] 

Class 8 — Specimens of design and plastic molding applied in the ordinary 
arts. — Industrial designs ; designs obtained, reproduced, or reduced 
by mechanical means; decorative paintings; industrial lithographs or 
engravings; models and rough sketches of figures, ornaments, &c. ; 
sculptured work, cameos, lockets, and various objects ornamented by 



CLASSIFICATION OF OBJECTS. 167 

engraving; industrial medals molded by machines; reductions and 
photographs ; sculptures ; various objects molded. [General Survey, 
p. 44.] 

Class — Proofs and apparatus of photography. — Photography on paper, 
glass, wood, stuffs, enamel; heliographic engravings, lithographic 
proofs, photographic stereotypes, stereoscopes and stereoscopic proofs; 
specimens obtained by amplification; instruments, tools, and materials 
for photography; materials and apparatus for photographic work- 
shops. [Beport on Photography ; also General Survey, pp. 47, 260 ; 
also Beport on Industrial Arts, in volume iii.] 

Class 10 — Instruments of music. — Wind instruments, not metallic, with 
simple openings, with windpipes, with reeds, with or without reser- 
voirs of air; metallic wind instruments, simple, with extensions, slides, 
pistons, keys, key -boards; wind instruments with key-boards, organs, 
accordeons ; instruments with cords for compression, or for the boAv 
without key-boards ; instruments with cords and key-boards, pianos, 
&c. ; instruments for percussion or Motion ; automatic instruments, 
organs of Barbary, serinettes, &c. ; detached pieces and apparatus for 
orchestras. [Beport on Musical Instruments, in volume v ; also Gen- 
eral Survey, pp. 48, 261.] 

Class 11 — Apparatus and instruments of the medical art. — Materials and 
instruments for dressing wounds, sores, and for inferior surgery ; in- 
struments for medical explorations; materials and instruments for 
surgery; trusses and cases of instruments; cases of medicaments 
intended especially for army surgeons, navy surgeons, veterinary sur- 
geons, dentists, oculists, &c. ; apparatus for restoring sensation, gen- 
eral or local ; apparatus (mechanical or plastic) of prosthesis, (the sub- 
stitution of parts or members ;) apparatus for deformities, ruptures, 
&c. ; various apparatus for the sick, infirm, deranged; accessory 
objects used in the medical and surgical service, in pharmaceutics, 
and in hospitals and infirmaries. [Beport on Instruments and Appa- 
ratus of Medicine, &c, in volume v ; and General Survey, pp. 51, 262, 
311.] 

Materials for anatomical researches ; apparatus for researches in 
medico-legal practice ; special materials for veterinary medical frac- 
ture; apparatus for baths, medical baths, &c. ; apparatus for the 
physical exercise of children, for healthful and for medical gymnas- 
tics, &c. ; apparatus for aid to the wounded on the field of battle; am- 
bulances, civil and military, for armies on land and at sea. [Ibid.] 

Apparatus for aid to the drowning, suffocating, fainting, &c, and 
for electro-therapy. [Industrial Arts, in volume iii, p. 344.] 

Class 12 — Instruments of precision, and apparatus for instruction in sci- 
ence. — Instruments used in practical geometry, compasses, microme- 
ters, levels, achromatic lenses, calculating machines, &c. [Industrial 
Arts, in volume iii, p. 613; General Survey, p. 53.] 

Apparatus and instruments for surveying, for topography, for land 



168 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

measuring, for astronomy, &c. ; apparatus for various observations ; 
apparatus and instruments of the arts of precision, [See Industrial 
Arts ;] weights and measures of different countries, moneys, medals, 
&c, [See Eeport on Weights, Measures, Coins, &c. ; also Eeport 
on the Precious Metals, chapter x, volume ii; also Introduction, 
&c, volume i;] balances ; instruments for physical observations, me- 
teorology, &c. ; optical instruments ; apparatus for instruction in 
physical science, in elementary geometry, descriptive geometry, solids, 
and mechanics. [Industrial Arts, in volume iii.] 

Models and instruments for instruction in the industrial arts in 
general ; collections for instruction in natural sciences ; figures and 
models for instruction in medical science, flexible anatomical models, 
&c. [Industrial Arts, in volume iii.] 
Class 13 — Geography, cosmography, apparatus, maps, charts, &c. — Maps 
and atlases, topographical, geographical, geological, hydrological, 
astronomical, &c. ; marine charts, physical charts of all sorts, flat and 
in relief ; celestial and terrestrial globes and spheres; apparatus for 
the study of cosmography. [General Survey, p. 54; also in Civil 
Engineering.] 

Statistical works, tables, and ephemerides for astronomers and 
mariners. 

THIRD GROUP. — FURNITURE AND OTHER OBJECTS USED IN DWELL- 
INGS. 

Class 14 — Eich furnishings. — Sideboards, bookcases, tables, toilettes, 
beds, sofas, seats, billiards, &c. [Fine Arts Applied to Useful Arts, 
&c, in volume i; General Survey, pp. 59, 265.] 

Class 15 — Upholstery and decorative work. — Bedding, covered seats, 
canopies, curtains, hangings in tapestry and in stuffs ; furniture and 
decorative objects in rich stone and other valuable materials ; decora- 
tions molded in paste, in plaster, in pasteboard; decorative painting, 
frames, furniture ; decorative ornaments for religious service. [Gen- 
eral Survey, Group III, p. 59 ; Fine Arts, &c] 

Class 16 — Crystals, rich glassware, and glazing. — Goblets in crystal, cut- 
glass, double crystal, mounted crystal, &c. ; glass for windows, furni- 
ture, and mirrors ; glass figured, enameled, crackled, filigreed ; optical 
crystals; ornamental glass-painted windows. [General Survey, pp. 
61-65.] 

Class 17 — Porcelain, faience, and other potteries. — Biscuit, hard, and 
tender porcelains; fine earthenware, glazed and colored; biscuit of 
faience, terre cuite, enameled lavas. [General Survey, pp. 65-69; 
Building Eeport.] 

Class 18 — Carpets, hangings, and other furniture tissues. — Carpets, Wil- 
ton carpets, velvet tapestries ; carpets of felt, of cloth, of clippings of 
wool, silk, or floss silk, of mat- weed, of India-rubber ; furniture tissues 



CLASSIFICATION AND GENERAL INDEX. 169 

of cotton, wool, silk, hair, vegetable leather, moleskin, leather hang- 
ings and coverings, oil-cloths, &c. [General Survey, p. C9.] 

Class 19 — Painted paper. — Papers printed on blocks with rollers, with 
machines 5 papers velveted, marbled, veined, &c. ; pasteboards, book- 
covers, &c. ; paper for artistic uses, spring blinds, &c, painted or 
printed. [General Survey, p. 72.] 

Class 20 — Cutlery. — Knives, penknives, razors, scissors, &c. [General 
Survey, p. 74.] 

Class 21 — Goldicorh. — Goldwork for religious service, for table use and 
ornament, for toilettes, bureaus, &c. [General Survey, p. 76.] 

Class 22 — Bronzes, various artistic [castings, and repousse works 
in metals. — Statues and bass-reliefs in bronze, in cast-iron, in zinc ; 
decorative and ornamental bronzes; imitations of bronze castings in 
zinc; castings coated with metallic coverings by the galvanic pro- 
cess ; repousses in lead, zinc, copper, &c. [General Survey, p. 79.] 

Class 23 — Clocks and ClocJcicorh — Separate pieces of clockwork ; spring 
clocks, pendulum clocks, electrical clocks, watches, chronometers, 
regulators, second-counters, apparatus for measuring time, hour- 
glasses, sand-glasses, clepsydras, &c. [General Survey, p. 82 ; Indus- 
trial Arts.] 

Class 24 — Apparatus and methods of warming and lighting. — Fireplaces, 
chimneys, stoves, furnaces, accessory objects ; apparatus for heating 
by gas, by hot water, by hot air ; apparatus for ventilating and for 
drying ; enameled lamps, blow-pipes, portable forges ; lamps for oil — 
mineral, vegetable, or animal; other accessories of lighting ; apparatus 
for lighting by gas ; photo-electrical lamps ; apparatus for lighting by 
magnetism. [General Survey, p. 86; also in Industrial Arts.] 

Class 25 — Perfumery. — Cosmetics and pomatums, perfumed oils, per- 
fumed essences, liquid extracts, scents, aromatic vinegars, almond 
paste, powders, pastilles and perfumed sacks, combustible perfumes, 
toilet soaps. [General Survey, p. 87.] 

Class 26 — Fancy articles, toys, baslcet-ivorlc. — Small fancy articles of fur- 
niture, liquor-cases, glove-boxes, caskets, lacquer- work, dressing-cases, 
workboxes, screens, pocket-books, purses, portfolios, cigar-cases, 
memorandums; articles of checkwork; articles turned, sculptured, 
engraved, of wood, of ivory, in shell, snuff-boxes, pipes, combs, 
brushes, corbeilles, and fancy baskets; basket-work, grass-work. 
[General Survey, pp. 89-91.] 

FOURTH GROUP. — GARMENTS, TISSUES FOR CLOTHING, AND OTHER 
ARTICLES OF WEARING APPAREL. 

Class 27 — Yarn and tissues of cotton. — Cotton, prepared and spun ; 
tissues of cotton, plain and figured; tissues of cotton, mixed; cotton, 
velvets, tapes, &c. [Clothing Report, (vi;) General Survey, p. 93, 
(i;) Report on Cotton, (vi.)] 

Class 28 — Yarn, and tissues of linen, hemp, &c, — Flax, hemp, and other 



170 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

vegetable fibers, spun ; linen and ticking ; Baptiste tissues of thread, 
mixed with cotton and silk ; tissues of vegetable fibers, equivalent to 
linen and hemp. [Clothing Eeport, (vi ;) General Survey, pp. 95-98.] 

Class 29 — Yam and tissues of combed wool. — Combed wools, tissues of 
combed wools, mousselines, merinoes, Scotch cashmeres, serges, &c. ; 
galoons of wool, mixed with cotton, or thread, or silk, or floss ; tissues 
of hair, plain and mixed. [Wool and Manufactures of Wool, (vi;) 
Clothing, (vi;) General Survey, pp. 98, 269.] 

Class 30 — Yarns and tissues of carded wool. — Carded wool and yarn of 
carded wool; cloths and other tissues of wool, carded and fulled; 
blankets, felts of wool or of hair, for carpets ; hats, socks, tissues of 
wool carded and not fulled or slightly fulled ; flannels, tartans, &c. 
[Ibid.] 

Class 31 — Silk and tissues of silk. — Silks raw or milled ; silk or floss 
thread or yarn ; tissues of silk, plain and figured ; silk stuffs mixed 
with gold, silver, cotton, or wool ; tissues of floss silk, pure or mixed ; 
velvets, plushes, ribbons of silk, pure or mixed. [Silk and Silk Man- 
ufactures, (vi;) Clothing Eeport, (vi;) General Survey, p. 103.] 

Class 32 — Shawls. — Shawls of wool, pure or mixed ; shawls of silk and 
of cashmere. [General Survey, p. 106 ; also Clothing and Silk Ee- 
ports.] 

Class 33 — Laces, embroideries, and trimmings for clothing, military cloth- 
ing, furniture, carriages, harness, &c. — Laces of thread or cotton, made 
with the lace spindle, needle, or machines ; lace of silk, wool, or of 
goats' hair ; gold or silver lace ; tulle of silk or cotton, plain or fig- 
ured ; embroideries with the needle, the hook, &c. ; embroideries in 
gold, in silver, in silk, in thread; tapestry embroideries and other 
hand-work ; trimmings of silk, floss, wool, goats' hair, hair, thread, 
and cotton; laces, military trimmings, fine and coarse. [Clothing 
Eeport, (vi;) General Survey, p. 109.] 

Class 34 — Hosiery, linen, and other articles of clothing. — Stockings of 
cotton, thread, wool, cashmere, silk, and floss, pure or mixed ; garments 
of linen for men, women, children; baby-linen; garments of flannel and 
other tissues of wool; corsets; cravats; gloves; gaiters; fans; screens; 
umbrellas ; parasols ; canes, &c. [General Survey, p. 115 ; Clothing, 

(vi.)l 
Class 35 — Clothing for men, women, and children. — Garments for men ; 

garments for women ; coiffures for men and women, wigs, and hair- 
work; boots and shoes; childrens' clothes; professional garments. 
[Eeport on clothing, (vi ;) General Survey, Group III.] 

Class 36 — Jewelry and precious ornaments. — Ornaments of gold, pla- 
tinum, silver, and aluminum, chiselled in filagree, or set with fine 
stones, &c. Diamonds ; precious stones ; pearls and imitations. [Gen- 
eral Survey, p. 133.] 

Class 37 — Portable armor. — Defensive arms — bucklers, shields, cuir- 
asses, casques ; offensive arms — war clubs, maces, bludgeons, battle- 



CLASSIFICATION OF OBJECTS. 171 

axes, &c. ; foils, swords, sabers, bayonets, lances, hatchets, hunting- 
knives, bows, cross-bows, slings. 

Fire-arms — muskets, carbines, pistols, revolvers; accessory arti- 
cles — powdeisflasks, bullet-molds ; projectiles, oblong, spherical, hol- 
low, explosive; percussion caps, primings, cartridges. [Munitions of 
War, (v;) General Survey, pp. 138 and 270-273.] 

Class 38 — Articles for traveling and for encampment. — Trunks, valises, 
sacks, bags, &c. ; dressing-cases, trusses, &c. ; various articles, cover- 
ings, cushions, coiffures, costumes, shoes, walking sticks, parasols, &c. 
General Survey, p. 143.] 

Portable, for traveling and scientific expeditions : photographic ap- 
paratus, instruments for meteorological and astronomical observations ; 
necessaries for geologists, mineralogists, naturalists, settlers, and pio- 
neers; tent and camp articles; military tent furniture — beds, ham- 
mocks, pliant seats, canteens, mills, ovens, &c. [Instruments and 
Apparatus of Medicine, &c, (v;) General Survey, pp. 143 and 273.J 

Class 39 — Toys and geicgaws. — Dolls and playthings; figures in wax; 
plays for children and for adults ; instructive playthings. [General 
Survey, p. 145.] 

FIFTH GROUP. — PRODUCTS, WROUGHT AND UNWROUGHT, OF EXTRACT- 
IVE INDUSTRIES. 

| 

Class 40 — Products of mines and metallurgy. — Collections and specimens 
of rocks, ores, and minerals ; ornamental stones, marbles, serpentines, 
onyx, and other hard stones, [Building Eeport, &c, (iv ;) ] materials dim- 
cult of fusion ; earths and clays ; various mineral products, raw sul- 
phur, [Industrial Chemistry, ii,] rock salt, salt from springs, bitumens, 
[Asphalt and Bitumen, iv,] and petroleums ; samples of combustible, 
raw, and carbonized agglomerations of pit coal, [Pressed Coal, (v,) — 
See also Class 47 ;] raw metals, pig iron, iron, steel, [Iron and Steel, 
(ii,) ] copper, lead, silver, zinc, &c. ; metallic alloys ; products of pud- 
dlers, (and cinders,) of refiners of precious metals, of gold beaters, &c. 
[General Survey, pp. 147, 273 ; Precious Metals, (ii.) ] 

Products of electro-metallurgy, objects coated with gold, silver, cop- 
per, steel, &c, by the galvanoplastic method. 

Products of the elaboration of raw metals, molded castings, bells, 
iron of commerce, iron for special uses, sheet iron, tin, extra plates for 
constructions and for plating ships ; sheet copper, lead, and zinc, 
[Building Beport, (iv;)] wrought metals, forge work, heavy work for 
gates, fences, &c; wheels, bandages, tubes without solder, chains, &c. 
[General Survey, 150.] 

Products of wire-mills, needles, pins, trellis-work, metallic tissues, 

perforated plates ; hardware ; edge-tools ; ironmongery ; copper, brass, 

plate, and tin wares ; wrought metal of various kinds. 

Class 41 — Products of the forest. — Specimens of different species of 

wood ; wood for cabinet work and for building ; fire-wood ; wood for 



172 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

skip-work, for walking-sticks, for splintering; corks ; textile barks; 
tanning, coloring, odoriferous, and resinous substances; products of 
forest industry ; roasted and carbonized wood ; crude potash ; wood 
for cooperage, for basket-work, for sabots, for mat- work, &c. [Gen- 
eral Survey, p. 151.] 
Glass 42 — Products of hunting and fisheries, and collections of natural 
growth. — Collections and drawings of terrestrial and amphibious ani- 
mals, of birds, of eggs, fish, cetacea, Crustacea, mollusks. [General 
Survey, p. 157.] 

Products of hunting — furs, peltries, hair, fine and coarse, feathers, 
down, horns, teeth, ivory, bones, shells, musk, castoreum, and similar 
products. [Ibid.] 

Products of fisheries — whale oil, spermaceti, whalebone, ambergris, 
shells of mollusks, pearl, mother-of-pearl, corals, sponges, sepia, pur- 
ple, &c. [Ibid.] 

Collections from natural growth — champignons; truffles; wild 
fruits ; lichens for dyeing, for food, and for fodder ; fermented saps ; 
Peruvian bark, useful barks, and filaments; wax; resinous gums; 
caoutchouc ; gutta-percha, &c. [Ibid. Preparation of Food, in vol- 
ume v.] 
Class 43 — Agricultural products (not used for food) of easy preservation. — 
Textile materials — raw cotton; linen and hemp, dressed and not 
dressed : vegetable textile fibers of all sorts ;* wool in fleece ; cocoons 
of silk- worm. [Reports on Cotton and on Silk, in volume vi, and in 
General Survey.] 

Products of agriculture used in manufactures, pharmacy, and 
domestic economy — oleaginous plants, oils, wax, resins, tobacco, tinder, 
substances for tanning and for tinting ; fodder and provender pre- 
served. [General Survey, p. 160.] 
Class 44 — Chemical and pharmaceutical products. — Acids, alkalies, salts 
of all kinds, marine salt, spring salt. [Industrial Chemistry, (ii;) 
General Survey, p. 164.] 

Various chemical products — wax, soap, candles, matters for perfum- 
ery, resins, tar waters, essences, varnishes, coatings, waxings ; manu- 
factures of caoutchouc, of gutta-percha; substances for dyes and 
colors. [Industrial Chemistry, for candles, soap, and dyes.] 

Natural and artificial mineral waters — gas waters, elementary phar- 
maceutic substances, simple and compound medicaments. 
Class 45 — Specimens of the chemical methods of bleaching and dyeing, of 
stamping and preparations. — Samples of yarn and tissues, dyed; sam- 
ples of preparations for dyeing ; linens, printed and dyed ; tissues of 
printed cotton, pure and mixed ; tissues of printed woolens, pure and 
mixed, combed or carded ; tissues of printed silks, pure or mixed ; 
printed carpets of felt or cloth ; linens, painted or waxed. [Report 
on Wool and Manufactures of Wool, Clothing Report, General Sur- 
vey, &c] 



CLASSIFICATION OF OBJECTS. 173 

Class 46 — Leather and shins. — Elementary matters employed in the 
preparation of skins and leather ; hides, green and salted ; leather, tan- 
ned, curried, prepared, and dyed ; varnished leather 5 morocco and 
sheepskins ; Hungary leather ; chamois-skins, dressed with the hair 
or wool on ; preparations and dyes ; skins prepared for gloves ; peltry 
and furs prepared and dyed ; parchments. [General Survey, p. 165 ; 
Eeport on Clothing, (vi.)] 

Articles of membrane work, cords for musical instruments, gold- 
beaters' skins, &c. 

SIXTH GROUP. — INSTRUMENTS AOT PROCESSES OF COMMON ARTS. 

Class 47 — Apparatus and methods of mining and metallurgy. — Apparatus 
for boring artesian wells and large wells ; machines for drilling in 
mines, for digging coal, and for quarrying stone and breaking up rocks. 
[Mining Eeport, (iv ;) Civil Engineering, (iv.) ] 

Models, plans, and views of works and labor in mines and quarries ; 
ladders for mines worked by machines ; machinery for lifting from 
mines ; machines for exhausting and pumping ; apparatus for airing, 
ventilators, safety -lamps, &c; photo-electric lamps; apparatus for 
safety, parachutes ; signals. [Mining Eeport, (iv.) ] 

Apparatus for the mechanical preparation of minerals ; apparatus 
for the agglomeration of combustibles. [Mining Eeport, (iv ;) Pressed 
Coal, &c, (v;) General Survey, p. 171.] 

Apparatus for carbonizing combustibles ; furnaces and hearths for 
metals ; apparatus for consuming smoke ; machines for metallic works ; 
special apparatus for forges and founderies ; electro-metallurgic appa- 
ratus ; apparatus for the working of metals in all forms. [Iron and 
Steel, (ii.)] 
Class 48 — Implements and processes of rural and forest work. — Plans of 
cultivation: divisions by nature of the soil; requisite manures and 
successions of crops adapted to each ; materials and methods of agri- 
cultural engineering; surface draining; under- draining ; irrigation. 
[General Survey, p. 174.] 

Plans and models of rural buildings ; tools, implements, machines, 
and apparatus for preparing the ground for sowing, planting, and 
harvesting; for preserving and preparing the products of agriculture ; 
carts, wagons, and apparatus for agricultural and rural transportation; 
for training and managing horses, &c. 

Fertilizing substances, organic or mineral. [General Survey, pp. 
175, 282, 283, 284.] 

Apparatus for the chemical and physical study of soils. 

Plans for replanting, cultivating, and managing forests ; implements 
of forest work. 
Class 49 — Apparatus and instruments for hunting, fishing, and for collect- 
ing natural products. — Arms, traps, snares, machines, and equipments 
for hunting ; fish-lines, fish-hooks, harpoons, nets, apparatus and bait 



174 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

for fishing ; apparatus and instruments forgathering products obtained 
without cultivation. [General Survey, p. 176.] 
Class 50 — Materials and methods of agricultural works and of alimentary 
industry.— Apparatus for agricultural work, making manures, making 
pipes for drainage, dairies, corn and flour trade, disposal of fecula, 
making starch, oil, brewing, distilling, making sugar, refining sugar ; 
works for preparing textile fibers, silk- worm nurseries, &c. [General 
Survey, p. 177; Beet-root Sugar.] 

Apparatus for the preparation of food, bread-kneaders, and mechan- 
„ ical ovens for bakers ; utensils for pastry and confectionery. [Prepa- 
ration of Food, (v.) ] 

Apparatus for making dough, for sea-biscuit, for chocolate, for 
roasting coffee, for ices and sherbets, and for making ice. [Prepara- 
tion of Food, (v;) Industrial Arts, p. 366, for ice manufacture.] 
Class 51 — Chemical, pharmaceutical, and tanning apparatus. — Apparatus 
and instruments for laboratories ; apparatus and instruments for test- 
ing and experiments in industry and commerce. 

Machines and utensils used in the manufacture of chemical products, 
soaps, candles, &c. ; apparatus and processes for making essences, var- 
nish, and objects of caoutchouc and gutta-percha. [Industrial Chem- 
istry, (ii.)] 

Machines and apparatus for gas-works ; machines and methods for 
bleaching; machines and preparations of pharmaceutic products; 
machines and tools for workshops, for tanning and dressing leather. 
[Industrial Chemistry.] 

Machines and apparatus for glass-works and potteries. 
Class 52 — Motors, generators, and mechanical apparatus especially adapted 
to the uses of the Exposition. — Boilers and steam generators, with safety 
apparatus; steam-pipes and accessory objects; shafts, fixed and 
movable ; pulleys and belts ; means of starting and stopping, shifting 
and regulating the movements of machinery ; motors for furnishing 
water and the necessary motive power in the different parts of the 
Palace and Park. [Steam Engineering, &c, (iv ;) Industrial Arts, (iii.) ] 

Cranes and all sorts of apparatus proposed for the handling of pack- 
ages and objects in the Palace and grounds ; rails and turn-tables 
proposed for use in the Palace and Park. [Steam Engineering.] 
Class 53 — Machines and mechanical apparatus in general. — Detached 
pieces of machinery, supports, rollers, slides, eccentrics, cog-wheels, 
connecting-rods, parallelograms, joints, belts, systems of ropes, &c. ; 
mechanism for changing the gear of machinery, clicks, &c. ; move- 
ment regulators and moderators ; greasing apparatus. [Steam En- 
gineering, (iv;) Industrial Arts, (iii;) Mining, (iv;) General Survey, 
pp. 286-290.] 

Indicators and registers, dynamometers, manometers, weighing ap- 
paratus, gauges, and apparatus for gauging liquids and gases ; ma- 
chines for handling heavy objects; hydraulic elevators, pumps, water- 



CLASSIFICATION OF OBJECTS. 175 

wheels, rains, &c; wheel and chain buckets for irrigation, reservoirs, 
wheels, wheels with vertical shaft, machines a colonne d 'eau ; steam 
machinery, boilers, generators, and accessory apparatus ; condensers ; 
machines moved by the vapor of ether, chloroform, ammonia, or by 
combined vapors. [Industrial Arts ; Steam Engineering.] 

Gas-engines, air-engines, compressed air-engines; electro-magnetic 
motors, wind-mills, &c; .aerostats. [Industrial Arts; Mining Report; 
General Survey, p. 286.] 

Class 54 — Machine tools. — Machine tools for preparatory wood- work ; 
turning-lathes; planing and boring machines; mortising, piercing, 
and cutting machines ; screw-cutting, nut-cutting, and riveting ma- 
chines ; various tools belonging to the yards of mechanical construct- 
ors. [General Survey, pp. 177 and 290.] 

Tools, machines, and apparatus used in pressing, crushing, mixing, 
sawing, polishing, &c; special machine tools for various uses. [Gen- 
eral Survey, pp. 17-184.] 

Class 55 — Apparatus and methods of spinning and rope-making. — Appa- 
ratus for hand-spinning; detached parts of spinning machines; ma- 
chines and apparatus for preparing and spinning textile matters. 
[General Survey, pp. 181 and 293.] 

Apparatus and methods adapted to the complementary operations, 
such as drawing out, winding off, twisting, milling, &c. 

Apparatus for classifying and determining the condition of the 
threads. 

Apparatus of rope-yards, round, flat, and diminishing cables, rope 
and twine, wire cables, cables with metallic center, fuzes, quick- 
matches, &c. 

Class 56 — Apparatus and methods of weaving. — Preparatory apparatus 
for weaving ; machinery for warping and for bobbins ; glazing and 
smoothing; ordinary and power looms for plain tissues and for figured 
tissues ; loom reeds ; electrical looms ; carpet and tapestry looms ; 
mesh looms for hosiery and tulle; apparatus for making lace, for 
fringes, and for trimmings ; looms for high warping and methods of 
shuttling ; accessory apparatus, calenders, crimping, weaving, meas- 
uring, and folding machines, &c. 

Class 57 — Apparatus and process ofseicing and making clothes. — Ordinary 
instruments for cutting and sewing and making ; machines for sew- 
ing, quilting, and embroidering; tools for cutting up stuffs and leather 
for clothes, shoes, &c. ; machines for screwing, nailing, and making 
shoes and boots. [General Survey, pp. 185 and 294.] 

Class 58 — Apparatus and methods of making furniture and household 
ohjects. — Machines for veneering; saws for cutting in profile, &c. ; 
machines for moldings and frames, for ornamental floor- work and fur- 
niture-work, &c; turning-lathes, and various apparatus for joiners 7 and 
cabinet-makers' shops ; machines for pressing and stamping ; machines 
and apparatus for working in stucco, in pasteboard, in ivory, in bone, 



176 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

in horn ; machines for pointing, sculpturing, and reducing statues, 
and for engraving and chasing ; machines for sawing and polishing 
hard stones, marble, &c. [General Survey, pp. 185 and 297.] 

Class 59 — Apparatus and methods of paper -making, coloring, and stamp- 
ing. — Apparatus for stamping paper, colors, and tissues; machines for 
engraving cylinders; apparatus for bleaching, coloring, preparing 
paper and tissues ; apparatus for making paper in vats and by ma- 
chines ; apparatus for crimping, ruling, glazing, and pressing paper ; 
machines for cutting, paring, and stamping paper, &c. ; apparatus 
and materials for letter-casting, stereotyping, &c. [General Survey, 
p. 187.1 

Machines and apparatus employed in stereotyping, mezzotinting, 
autography, lithography, chalcography, paniconography, chromo-lith- 
ography, &c. j printing of postage-stamps ; machines for composing 
and for classifying letters. [Industrial Arts.] 

Class 60 — Machinery, instruments, and methods used in various works. — 
Machinery for stamping money, for making buttons, pens,pins, envel- 
opes, brushes, cards, capsules, for loading merchandise, and for cork- 
ing and capping bottles. 

Tools and methods of making lock : works, toys, ornamental boxes, 
baskets, &c. 

Class 61 — Carriage and cart work. — Separate pieces of carriage and cart 
work, wheels, bands, axles, wheel-boxes, tires, &c. ; springs and various 
methods of suspension ; systems of tackling and brakes ; specimens 
of carts and vehicles for special uses, public carriages, private carri- 
ages, state carriages, hand carriages, litters, sleighs, and velocipedes. 
[General Survey, pp. 188 and 299.] 

Class 62 — Harness-work and saddlery. — Articles of harness- work, buckles, 
ornaments, &c. ; saddles, donkey saddles, cacolet; harness and bridles 
for riding ; harness for draught, stirrups, spurs, whips, &c. [General 
Survey, p. 190.] 

Class 63 — Materials for railroads and cars. — Separate pieces, springs, 
buffers, brakes, &c. [Steam Engineering, &c, in volume iv ; also in 
General Survey, pp. 191-202 and 300.] 

Fixed materials, rails, chairs, splices, switches, turn-tables, fenders, 
watering cranes, reservoirs, signals for sight and sound ; rolling ma- 
terials, wagons for earthwork, for merchandise, for cattle, for travel- 
ers. [Ibid.] 

Locomotives, fenders, &c. ; machinery and tools of workshops, for 
repairs and reconstructions. [Ibid.] 

Material and machines for inclined planes and self- working inclines. 
[Ibid. Industrial Arts for " Mahovos."] 

Material and machines for atmospheric railways ; models of ma- 
chinery ; systems of traction, apparatus applicable to iron roads ; 
models, plans, and drawings of termini, stations, sheds, and out-houses, 
necessary to railways. [Steam Engineering, iv.] 



CLASSIFICATION OF OBJECTS. 177 

Class 61 — Apparatus and methods of telegraphing. — Telegraphic appara- 
tus, based on the transmission of light, sound, &c. [Report on the 
Telegraphic Apparatus, &c, in volume iv.] 

Apparatus of the electrical telegraph, supports, conductors, tight- 
eners, electrical batteries ; apparatus for sending and receiving dis- 
patches, bells, and electrical signals, accessory objects for the service ; 
lightning-rods, commutators, prepared papers for printing, and auto- 
graphic transmissions; special apparatus for submarine telegraphs. 
[Ibid. Industrial Arts, (iiij) General Survey, p. 301.] 
Class 65 — Materials and methods adapted to civil engineering, public 
works, and architecture. — Materials for building, wood, metals, orna- 
mental stones, lime, mortar, cements, artificial stone, beton, tiles, 
brick, slate, pasteboard, and felt, for roofing. [Civil Engineering, 
&c., (iv;) Industrial Arts, (iiij) Buildings, (iv;) Beton, &c, and As- 
phalt and Bitumen, in volume iv ; General Survey, p. 200.] 

Materials and specimens of preserved wood; apparatus and methods 
of testing materials ; materials of works for embankments, excavating 
machines ; apparatus for stone-cutters' yards ; tools and methods for 
draughtsmen, stone-cutters, masons, carpenters, roofers, tilers, slaters, 
locksmiths, joiners, glaziers, plumbers, house-painters, &c. 

Ornamental iron- work, locks, padlocks, railings, balconies, balus- 
ters, &c. 

Materials and machines for foundation work, pile-drivers, piles, 
screw-posts, pumps, pneumatic apparatus, dredging machines, &c. ; 
machines for hydraulic work, seaports, canals, rivers, &c. ; materials 
and apparatus used in water- works and gas-works ; materials for re- 
pairing roads, plantations, and public works. [Civil Engineering, in 
volume iv.] 

Models, plans, and drawings of public works, bridges, viaducts, 
aqueducts, sewers, canal-bridges, &c. [Ibid.] 

Light-houses, public monuments for special purposes, private build- 
ings, hotels, and houses to let, workmen's residences, &c. [Industrial 
Arts.] 
Class 66 — Navigation and salvage. — Drawings and models of ships, 
docks, floating docks, &c. 

Drawings and models of all kinds of vessels for river and maritime 
navigation ; types and models adopted by the navy ; apparatus em- 
ployed in navigation ; boats and various craft ; ship-chandlery; flags, 
signals, buoys, beacons, &c. ; materials and apparatus for swimming 
exercises, for diving, and for salvage ; floats, diving-bells, nautical im- 
permeable clothing, submarine boats, apparatus for marine salvage, 
carrying hawsers, life-boats, &c. [General Survey, and the Eeport on 
the Industrial Arts.] 
12 p E 



178 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

SEVENTH GROUP— FOOD, FRESH OR PRESERVED, IN VARIOUS STAGES 

OF PREPARATION. 

Class 67 — Cereals and other farinaceous edibles, ivith their derivatives. — 
Wheat, rye, barley, maize, rice, millet, and other cereals in grain or 
flour ; hulled grain ; meal. 

Farina of potatoes, rice, lentils, &c. ; glutens — tapioca, sago, arrow- 
root, cassava, and other fecula ; specimens of mixed meals, &c. 

Italian pastes, semouille, vermicelli, maccaroni ; alimentary composi- 
tions as substitutes for bread, ribbon, vermicelli, pulp, domestic pastes, 
&c. [See, for this class, the Eeport on Cereals, the Eeport on Pre- 
paration of Food, and the General Survey, pp. 207 and 304.] 
Class 68 — Baiting and pastry coolting. — "Various kinds of bread, with or 
without yeast; fancy and figured bread; compressed bread, for trav- 
eling, campaigning, &c. ; tea biscuits ; specimens of pastry peculiar 
to every nation ; gingerbread and dry cakes susceptible of preserva- 
tion. [Preparation of Food, &c, in volume v.] 
Class 69 — Fat alimentary substances, milk, eggs. — Fats and edible oils, 
fresh and preserved milk, fresh and salt butter, cheese, various kinds 
of eggs. [Ibid.] 
Class 70 — Meat and fish. — Fresh and salt meat of various kinds ; meat 
preserved by different methods; cakes of meat and portable soup; 
hams and preparations of meat ; fowl and game ; fresh and salt fish ; 
barreled fish; cod-fish, herrings, &c. [General Survey.] 

Fish preserved in oil ; sardines, pickled tunny, &c. ; Crustacea and 
shells ; lobsters, prawns, oysters, preserved oysters, anchovies, &c. 
[General survey.] 
Class 71 — Vegetables and fruit. — Tubers, potatoes, &c. ; dry farinaceous 
vegetables, beans, lentils, &c. ; green vegetables for cooking, cabbages, 
&c. ; vegetable roots, carrots, turnips, &c. ; spicy vegetables, onions, 
garlic, &c. 

Salad, cucurbita, pumpkins, melons; vegetables preserved in salt, 
vinegar, or by acetic fermentation, sauerkraut, &c. ; vegetables pre- 
served by various methods f fresh fruits, dry and prepared fruits, 
plums, figs, grapes, &c; fruits preserved without the aid of sugar. 
[General Survey, p. 213.] 
Class 72 — Condiments and stimulants, sugars and specimens of confec- 
tionery. — Spices, pepper, cinnamon, pimento, &c. ; table salt, vinegar, 
compound seasonings and stimulants, mustard, curry, English sauces, 
&c. ; tea, coffee, and aromatic beverages ; coffee of chiccory and sweet 
acorns; chocolate; sugar for domestic use, sugar of grapes, milk, &c. 
[General Survey, p. 215 ; Preparation of Food, in volume v.] 

Various specimens of confectionery, comfits, sugar-plums, melting 

plums, nougats, angelicas, anise-seeds, &c. ; sweetmeats and jellies, 

preserved fruits, citrons, cedras, oranges, apples, pine-apples; brandy 

fruit, sirups, and sugary liquids. [General Survey, pp. 215-219.] 

Class 73— Fermented drinks.— Ordinary red and white wines, sweet and 



CLASSIFICATION OF OBJECTS. 179 

mulled wines, sparkling wines, cider, perry, and other drinks extracted 
from fruit. [General Survey, pp. 218-222 ; Report on the Culture and 
Products of the Vine, &c, (v.) Beet-root Sugar and Alcohol, in vol- 
ume v.] 

Beer and other drinks, drawn from cereals ; fermented drinks, drawn 
from vegetable saps: milk and saccharine substances of all kinds; 
brandy and alcohol ; spirituous drinks, gin, rum, tafia, kirsckwasser, 
&c. [General Survey, p. 222.] 

EIGHTH GROUP.— ANIMALS AND SPECIMENS OF AGRICULTURAL ESTAB- 
LISHMENTS. 

Class 74 — Specimens of rural work and of agricultural establishments. — 
Types of rural buildings of various countries; materials of stables, 
cow-houses, ox-stalls, kennels, &c. ; apparatus for preparing food for 
animals; agricultural machinery in movement ; steam-plows, reapers, 
mowers, haymakers, threshing machines, &c. 

Types of agricultural manufactures, distilleries, sugar-mills, [see 
Report on the Manufacture of Beet-sugar and Alcohol,] refineries, 
breweries, flour-mills, fecula and starch manufactures, silkworm nur- 
series, &c. 
Presses for wine, cider, oil, &c. 

Class 75 — Horses, donkeys, males, dec. — Animals presented as character- 
istic of the art of breeding in all countries ; specimens of stables. 

Class 76 — Oxen, buffaloes, &c. — Animals presented as specimens of the 
art of breeding in each country; specimens of cow-houses and ox- 
stables. 

Class 77 — Sheep, goats. — Animals presented as examples of the art of 
breeding in each country ; types of sheepfolds, pens, and similar estab- 
lishments. 

Class 78 — Swine, rabbits. &c. — Animals presented, &c. ; types of hog- 
pens, and structures for raising animals of this class. 

Class 79 — Poultry. — Animals presented, &c. ; types of hen-roosts, dove- 
cotes, pheasantries, &c. ; apparatus for artificial hatching. 

Class 80 — Hunting and watch dogs. — Shepherds' dogs, hunting dogs, 
watch dogs ; types of kennels and apparatus for training. 

Class 81 — Useful insects. — Bees, silk- worms, and various bombyxes, 
cochineal, insects for producing lac, &c; apparatus for breeding silk- 
worms, bees, &c. 

("lass 82 — Fish, Crustacea, mollusca. — Living aquatic useful animals; 
aquariums ; apparatus used in breeding fish, mollusca, and leeches. 

NINTH GROUP. — LIVE PRODUCTS AND SPECIMENS OF HORTICULTURAL 

ESTABLISHMENTS. 

Class 83 — Hot-houses and horticultural materials. — Tools for gardeners, 
nurserymen, and horticulturists ; apparatus for watering and for dress- 
ing grass-plots, &c. 



180 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

Large hot-houses and their accessories; small green-houses for apart- 
ments and for windows; aquariums for aquatic plants; water jets and 
other apparatus for ornamenting gardens. 

Glass 84 — Flowers and ornamental plants. — Species of plants and speci- 
mens of cultivation representing the characteristic types of garden and 
house plants of every country. 

Class 85 — Kitchen-garden plants. — Species of plants and specimens of 
cultivation representing the characteristic types of kitchen-gardens 
in all countries. 

Class 86 — Fruit trees. — Species of plants and specimens characteristic 
of the orchards in all countries ; slips of forest species. 

Class 87 — Seeds and useful forest plants. — Species of plants and speci- 
mens of culture indicating the methods of replanting forests in differ- 
ent countries. 

Class 88 — Hot-house plants. — Specimens of the culture of various coun- 
tries, with a view to utility and ornament. 

TENTH GROUP. — OBJECTS EXHIBITED WITH A SPECIAL VIEW TO THE 
AMELIORATION OF THE MORAL AND PHYSICAL CONDITION OF THE 
POPULATION. 

Class 89. — Materials and methods for teaching children. — Plan sand mod- 
els of school-houses, of school furniture, apparatus, instruments, 
models, wall-maps, &c, designed for facilitating the teaching of chil- 
dren ; elementary collections suitable for teaching ordinary science ; 
models of designs, tables, and apparatus suitable for teaching singing 
and music. 

Apparatus and tables for instructing the deaf and dumb and the 
blind; school-books, atlases, maps, pictures, periodical publications, 
and journals for education. 

Works of scholars of both sexes. [General Survey, pp. 229 and 308 ; 
and Eeport on School-houses, &c, (v.) Education, in volume vi.] 
Class 90 — Libraries and materials for instruction of adults in the family, 
the workshop, the commercial and corporation schools. — Works proper 
for family libraries, for the masters in workshops, cultivators, commer- 
cial teachers, mariners, traveling naturalists, &c. 

Almanacs, memorandum-books, and other publications suitable for 
traveling venders. 

Materials for school libraries, commercial libraries, &c. 

Materials for the technical teaching necessary in certain manual 
pursuits. [Ibid.] 
Class 91 — Furniture, clothing, and food, of all origins, distinguished for 
useful qualities, united with cheapness. — Methodical collection of objects 
enumerated in the third, fourth, and seventh groups, supplied to com- 
merce by large factories or by master-workmen, and specially recom- 
mended by their adaptation to good domestic economy. 
Class 92 — Specimens of popular costumes of different countries. — Method- 



CLASSIFICATION OF OBJECTS. 181 

ical collection of costumes of both sexes, for all ages, and for pursuits 
the most characteristic of each country. [Clothing Keport, in vol- 
ume vi.] 

Class 93 — Specimens of habitations, characterized by cheapness, uniting 
sanitary conditions and comfort. — Types of habitations for families, 
suitable for various classes of laborers in each country. [Building 
Report, (iv.) General Survey, p. 310.] 

Types of habitations proposed for workmen belonging- to manufac- 
tories in the suburbs or in the country. [Ibid.] 

Class 94 — Products of all sorts, made by master-workmen, — Methodical 
collection of products enumerated in preceding groups, made by work- 
men who work on their own account, either alone or with their fami- 
lies, or as apprentices, for sale or for domestic use. 

Xote. — Such products only were admitted into this class as were 
distinguished for their own qualities, novelty, perfection of the method 
of work, or by the useful influence of this kind of work on the moral 
and physical condition of the people. 

Class 95 — Instruments and methods of work peculiar to master-ivorlcmen. — 
Instruments and processes (enumerated in sixth group) employed 
habitually by workmen working on their own account, or specially 
adapted to work done in the family or in the family circle. 

Manual works which display in a striking manner dexterity, intelli- 
gence, or taste of the workman. 

Manual works which, from various causes, have most successfully 
resisted the competition of machines. 



LIST OF UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS. 1 

X. M. Beckwith, 
Commissioner General and President of the Commission. 

Samuel B. Bungles, 
Vice-President of the Commission. 

Alexander T. Stewart, New York, New York. 
Jacob B. Freese, Trenton, New Jersey. 
Charles B. Norton, New York, New York. 
AY. J. Valentine, Massachusetts. 
Thomas W. Evans, Paris, France. 
Frank Leslie, New York, New York. 
James Archer, Missouri. 
Enoch B. Mudge, Boston, Massachusetts. 
William A. B. Budd, New York, New York. 
Charles B. Seymour, New York, New York. 
Charles R. Goodwin, Paris, France. 
C. K. Garrison, New York, New York. 

PAID COMMISSIONERS. 

F. A. P. Barnard, LL. 1)., President of Columbia College, New York. 

J. Lawrence Smith, M. D., professor, &c, Louisville, Kentucky. 

J. P. Lesley, professor, &c, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Abeam S. Hewitt, Esq., New York, New York. 

Samuel B. Buggles, LL. D., New York, New York. 

Hon. John P. Kennedy, Baltimore, Maryland. 

"William Slade, Esq., Ohio. 

Heney F. Q. D'Aligny, Esq., New York, New York. 

James H. Bowen, Esq., Chicago, Illinois. 

Paean Stevens, Esq., New York, New York. 

honorary commissioners, without pay, designated by the 
commission in paris. 

Elliot C. Cowdin, Esq., New York, New York. 

George S. Hazard, Buffalo, New York. 

William S. Auchincloss, New York, New York. 

John P. Beynolds, Esq., Springfield, Illinois. 

William J. Flagg, Ohio. 

Alexander Thompson, New York, New York. 

Samuel F. B. Morse, LL. D., New York, New York. 

James T. Frazer, professor, &c, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

B. F. Nourse, Boston. Massachusetts. 



The names of those who did not serve are omitted. 



184 LIST OF UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS. 

L. F. Mellen, Esq., Alabama. 

Marshall P. Wilder, Boston, Massachusetts. 

John P. Reynolds, Esq., Springfield, Illinois. 

J. H. Chad wick, Esq., Boston, Massachusetts. 

Thomas McElrath, Esq., New York, New York. 

Patrick Barry, Esq., Rochester, New York. 

William E. Johnston, M. D., Paris, France. 

John W. Hoyt, M. D., professor, Madison, Wisconsin. 

EXECUTIVE. 

N. M. Beckwith, 
Commissioner General and President of the Commission. 

W. C. GUNNELL, 
A. P. MULAT, 

Engineers and Architects. 

J. K Proeschel, 
Secretary. 

J. C. Derby, 
United States Agent, New York. 

LIST OF THE MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL JURY 
ALLOTTED TO THE UNITED STATES. 

Charles C. Perkins, New Order of Awards. 

W. T. Hoppin, Group I, Classes 1 and 2. 

J. P. Kennedy, Group I, Class 3. 

R. M. Hunt, Architect, Group I, Class 4. 

Frank Leslie, (supplemented by Dr. T. W. Evans,) Group I, Class 5- 

W. A. Adams, (supplemented by W. T. Hoppin and Dr. T. W. Evans,) 

Group II, Class 9. 
J. R. Freese, (supplemented by Dr. T. W. Evans,) Group II, Class 11. 
F. A. P. Barnard, President Columbia College, Group II, Class 12. 
William Slade, Group III, Class 20. 

J. Lawrence Smith, professor, Vice-President of Jury, Group V. 
J. P. Lesley, professor, (supplemented by Professor T. S. Hunt,) Group 

VI, Class 51. 
C. R. Goodwin, Engineer, Group VI, Class 52. 
J. E. Holmes, Engineer, Group VI, Class 54. 
H. F. Q. D'Aligny, Engineer, Group VI, Class 57. 
J. Debeauvais, Engineer, Associate Juror in Group VI, Class 54. 
J. P. Reynolds, Juror on Agricultural Trials at Billancourt. 

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